Legionella Türleri ve Lejyoner Hastalığı
Özet
Legionella türleri, Gram-negatif, zorunlu aerobik, hücre içi kokobasillerdir. Su ve toprakta bulunurlar ve insanlaraa aerosollerin inhale edilmesiyle bulaşırlar. Legionella pneumophila en sık rastlanan türdür, ancak insanda infeksiyona neden olan en az 26 tür daha vardır. Hastalık genellikle pnömoni kliniği olarak kendini gösterir. En sık görülen semptomları ateş, öksürük ve nefes darlığıdır ve bu durum Lejyoner hastalığı olarak tanımlanır. Tanı için kültür, üriner antijen testi ve polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu gibi yöntemlerle yapılabilir. Tedavide makrolidler veya florokinolonlar kullanılır ve tedavi süresi hastalığın şiddetine göre değişir.
Referanslar
Jomehzadeh, N., et al., Legionella and legionnaires' disease: An overview. Journal of Acute Disease, 2019. 8(6): p. 221-232.
Franco-Garcia, A., et al. Diagnosis of extrapulmonary Legionellosis in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients by direct 16s ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. in Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2017. Oxford University Press US.
Edelstein, P.H. and C.R. Roy, Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases, 2015: p. 2633-2644. e6.
Yu, V.L., et al., Distribution of Legionella species and serogroups isolated by culture in patients with sporadic community-acquired legionellosis: an international collaborative survey. The Journal of infectious diseases, 2002. 186(1): p. 127-128.
Zhang, Q., et al., Legionnaires’ disease caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroups 5 and 10, China. Emerging infectious diseases, 2014. 20(7): p. 1242.
Eisenreich, W. and K. Heuner, The life stage‐specific pathometabolism of Legionella pneumophila. FEBS letters, 2016. 590(21): p. 3868-3886.
Berendt, R.F., et al., Dose-response of guinea pigs experimentally infected with aerosols of Legionella pneumophila. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1980. 141(2): p. 186-192.
Byrne, B. and M.S. Swanson, Expression of Legionella pneumophila virulence traits in response to growth conditions. Infection and immunity, 1998. 66(7): p. 3029-3034.
Correia, A.M., et al., Probable person-to-person transmission of Legionnaires’ disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 2016. 374(5): p. 497-498.
Dooling, K.L., et al., Active bacterial core surveillance for legionellosis—United States, 2011–2013. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2015. 64(42): p. 1190-1193.
Isenman, H.L., et al., Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella longbeachae: Clinical features and outcomes of 107 cases from an endemic area. Respirology, 2016. 21(7): p. 1292-1299.
Viasus, D., et al., Community-acquired Legionella pneumophila pneumonia: a single-center experience with 214 hospitalized sporadic cases over 15 years. Medicine, 2013. 92(1).
Akıncı, E., et al., Lejyoner hastalığı: Bir olgu nedeniyle. T Klin J Microbiol-Infec, 2003. 2: p. 28-31.
Kashif, M., et al., Legionella pneumonia associated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage-A rare association. Respiratory medicine case reports, 2017. 21: p. 7-11.
Saltoğlu, N., et al., Toplumda edinilmiş pnömoni: Etyoloji, prognoz ve tedavi. Flora, 1999. 4(4): p. 245-52.
Stout, J., et al., Ubiquitousness of Legionella pneumophila in the water supply of a hospital with endemic Legionnaires' disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 1982. 306(8): p. 466-468.
Kanamori, H., D.J. Weber, and W.A. Rutala, Healthcare outbreaks associated with a water reservoir and infection prevention strategies. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2016. 62(11): p. 1423-1435.
Ambrose, J., et al., Large outbreak of Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever at a military base. Epidemiology & Infection, 2014. 142(11): p. 2336-2346.
Burnsed, L.J., et al., A large, travel-associated outbreak of legionellosis among hotel guests: utility of the urine antigen assay in confirming Pontiac fever. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2007. 44(2): p. 222-228.
Chambers, S.T., et al., Legionellosis caused by non-Legionella pneumophila species, with a focus on Legionella longbeachae. Microorganisms, 2021. 9(2): p. 291.
Priest, P.C., et al., The burden of Legionnaires' disease in New Zealand (LegiNZ): a national surveillance study. The Lancet infectious diseases, 2019. 19(7): p. 770-777.
Amodeo, M., D. Murdoch, and A. Pithie, Legionnaires’ disease caused by Legionella longbeachae and Legionella pneumophila: comparison of clinical features, host‐related risk factors, and outcomes. Clinical microbiology and infection, 2010. 16(9): p. 1405-1407.
Marston, B.J., H.B. Lipman, and R.F. Breiman, Surveillance for Legionnaires' disease: risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1994. 154(21): p. 2417-2422.
Den Boer, J., J. Nijhof, and I. Friesema, Risk factors for sporadic community-acquired Legionnaires' disease. A 3-year national case–control study. Public Health, 2006. 120(6): p. 566-571.
Greenberg, D., et al., Problem pathogens: paediatric legionellosis—implications for improved diagnosis. The Lancet infectious diseases, 2006. 6(8): p. 529-535.
Kenagy, E., et al., Risk factors for Legionella longbeachae legionnaires’ disease, New Zealand. Emerging infectious diseases, 2017. 23(7): p. 1148.
Fernández-Sabé, N., et al., Clinical diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia revisited: evaluation of the Community-Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Group scoring system. Clinical infectious diseases, 2003. 37(4): p. 483-489.
ADDISS, D.G., et al., COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED LEGIONNAIRES'DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH A COOLING TOWER: EVIDENCE FOR LONGER-DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1989. 130(3): p. 557-568.
Fraser, D.W., Legionellosis: evidence of airborne transmission. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1980. 353(1): p. 61-66.
Payne, N.R. and M.A. Horwitz, Phagocytosis of Legionella pneumophila is mediated by human monocyte complement receptors. The Journal of experimental medicine, 1987. 166(5): p. 1377-1389.
Hammer, B.K., E.S. Tateda, and M.S. Swanson, A two‐component regulator induces the transmission phenotype of stationary‐phase Legionella pneumophila. Molecular microbiology, 2002. 44(1): p. 107-118.
Garduño, R.A., E. Garduño, and P.S. Hoffman, Surface-associated hsp60 chaperonin of Legionella pneumophila mediates invasion in a HeLa cell model. Infection and immunity, 1998. 66(10): p. 4602-4610.
Robey, M., W. O'Connell, and N.P. Cianciotto, Identification of Legionella pneumophila rcp, a pagP-like gene that confers resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides and promotes intracellular infection. Infection and immunity, 2001. 69(7): p. 4276-4286.
Poirier, R., et al., Early radiographic and tomographic manifestations of Legionnaires' disease. Canadian Association of Radiologists' Journal, 2017. 68(3): p. 328-333.
Tan, M.J., et al., The radiologic manifestations of Legionnaire's disease. Chest, 2000. 117(2): p. 398-403.
Lieberman, D., et al., Legionella species community-acquired pneumonia: a review of 56 hospitalized adult patients. Chest, 1996. 109(5): p. 1243-1249.
Peci, A., A.-L. Winter, and J.B. Gubbay, Evaluation and comparison of multiple test methods, including real-time PCR, for Legionella detection in clinical specimens. Frontiers in public health, 2016. 4: p. 175.
Sopena, N., et al., Comparative study of the clinical presentation of Legionella pneumonia and other community-acquired pneumonias. Chest, 1998. 113(5): p. 1195-200.
Woodhead, M.A. and J.T. Macfarlane, Legionnaires' disease: a review of 79 community acquired cases in Nottingham. Thorax, 1986. 41(8): p. 635-40.
Forsberg, K.J., et al., The Tetracycline Destructases: A Novel Family of Tetracycline-Inactivating Enzymes. Chem Biol, 2015. 22(7): p. 888-97.
Park, J., et al., Plasticity, dynamics, and inhibition of emerging tetracycline resistance enzymes. Nat Chem Biol, 2017. 13(7): p. 730-736.
Portal, E., et al., Legionella antimicrobial sensitivity testing: comparison of microbroth dilution with BCYE and LASARUS solid media. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2021. 76(5): p. 1197-1204.
David, S., et al., Seeding and Establishment of Legionella pneumophila in Hospitals: Implications for Genomic Investigations of Nosocomial Legionnaires' Disease. Clin Infect Dis, 2017. 64(9): p. 1251-1259.
Demirjian, A., et al., The importance of clinical surveillance in detecting legionnaires' disease outbreaks: a large outbreak in a hospital with a Legionella disinfection system-Pennsylvania, 2011-2012. Clin Infect Dis, 2015. 60(11): p. 1596-602.
Murdoch, D.R., et al., Impact of routine systematic polymerase chain reaction testing on case finding for Legionnaires' disease: a pre-post comparison study. Clin Infect Dis, 2013. 57(9): p. 1275-81.
Cecchini, J., et al., Antimicrobial strategy for severe community-acquired legionnaires' disease: a multicentre retrospective observational study. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2017. 72(5): p. 1502-1509.
Garcia-Vidal, C., et al., Levofloxacin versus azithromycin for treating legionella pneumonia: a propensity score analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2017. 23(9): p. 653-658.
Blázquez Garrido, R.M., et al., Antimicrobial chemotherapy for Legionnaires disease: levofloxacin versus macrolides. Clin Infect Dis, 2005. 40(6): p. 800-6.
Grau, S., et al., Impact of rifampicin addition to clarithromycin in Legionella pneumophila pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2006. 28(3): p. 249-52.
Bopp, L.H., et al., Activities of tigecycline and comparators against Legionella pneumophila and Legionella micdadei extracellularly and in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2011. 69(1): p. 86-93.
Bryner, B., et al., Extracorporeal life support for acute respiratory distress syndrome due to severe Legionella pneumonia. Perfusion, 2014. 29(1): p. 39-43.
Noah, M.A., et al., Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and severe acute respiratory distress secondary to Legionella: 10 year experience. Asaio j, 2013. 59(3): p. 328-30.
Roncon-Albuquerque, R., Jr., et al., Outcome and Management of Refractory Respiratory Failure With Timely Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Single-Center Experience With Legionella Pneumonia. J Intensive Care Med, 2019. 34(4): p. 344-350.
Pouderoux, C., et al., Slowly or Nonresolving Legionnaires' Disease: Case Series and Literature Review. Clin Infect Dis, 2020. 70(9): p. 1933-1940.
Franco-Garcia, A., et al. Diagnosis of extrapulmonary Legionellosis in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients by direct 16s ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. in Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2017. Oxford University Press US.
Edelstein, P.H. and C.R. Roy, Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases, 2015: p. 2633-2644. e6.
Yu, V.L., et al., Distribution of Legionella species and serogroups isolated by culture in patients with sporadic community-acquired legionellosis: an international collaborative survey. The Journal of infectious diseases, 2002. 186(1): p. 127-128.
Zhang, Q., et al., Legionnaires’ disease caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroups 5 and 10, China. Emerging infectious diseases, 2014. 20(7): p. 1242.
Eisenreich, W. and K. Heuner, The life stage‐specific pathometabolism of Legionella pneumophila. FEBS letters, 2016. 590(21): p. 3868-3886.
Berendt, R.F., et al., Dose-response of guinea pigs experimentally infected with aerosols of Legionella pneumophila. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1980. 141(2): p. 186-192.
Byrne, B. and M.S. Swanson, Expression of Legionella pneumophila virulence traits in response to growth conditions. Infection and immunity, 1998. 66(7): p. 3029-3034.
Correia, A.M., et al., Probable person-to-person transmission of Legionnaires’ disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 2016. 374(5): p. 497-498.
Dooling, K.L., et al., Active bacterial core surveillance for legionellosis—United States, 2011–2013. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2015. 64(42): p. 1190-1193.
Isenman, H.L., et al., Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella longbeachae: Clinical features and outcomes of 107 cases from an endemic area. Respirology, 2016. 21(7): p. 1292-1299.
Viasus, D., et al., Community-acquired Legionella pneumophila pneumonia: a single-center experience with 214 hospitalized sporadic cases over 15 years. Medicine, 2013. 92(1).
Akıncı, E., et al., Lejyoner hastalığı: Bir olgu nedeniyle. T Klin J Microbiol-Infec, 2003. 2: p. 28-31.
Kashif, M., et al., Legionella pneumonia associated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage-A rare association. Respiratory medicine case reports, 2017. 21: p. 7-11.
Saltoğlu, N., et al., Toplumda edinilmiş pnömoni: Etyoloji, prognoz ve tedavi. Flora, 1999. 4(4): p. 245-52.
Stout, J., et al., Ubiquitousness of Legionella pneumophila in the water supply of a hospital with endemic Legionnaires' disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 1982. 306(8): p. 466-468.
Kanamori, H., D.J. Weber, and W.A. Rutala, Healthcare outbreaks associated with a water reservoir and infection prevention strategies. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2016. 62(11): p. 1423-1435.
Ambrose, J., et al., Large outbreak of Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever at a military base. Epidemiology & Infection, 2014. 142(11): p. 2336-2346.
Burnsed, L.J., et al., A large, travel-associated outbreak of legionellosis among hotel guests: utility of the urine antigen assay in confirming Pontiac fever. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2007. 44(2): p. 222-228.
Chambers, S.T., et al., Legionellosis caused by non-Legionella pneumophila species, with a focus on Legionella longbeachae. Microorganisms, 2021. 9(2): p. 291.
Priest, P.C., et al., The burden of Legionnaires' disease in New Zealand (LegiNZ): a national surveillance study. The Lancet infectious diseases, 2019. 19(7): p. 770-777.
Amodeo, M., D. Murdoch, and A. Pithie, Legionnaires’ disease caused by Legionella longbeachae and Legionella pneumophila: comparison of clinical features, host‐related risk factors, and outcomes. Clinical microbiology and infection, 2010. 16(9): p. 1405-1407.
Marston, B.J., H.B. Lipman, and R.F. Breiman, Surveillance for Legionnaires' disease: risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1994. 154(21): p. 2417-2422.
Den Boer, J., J. Nijhof, and I. Friesema, Risk factors for sporadic community-acquired Legionnaires' disease. A 3-year national case–control study. Public Health, 2006. 120(6): p. 566-571.
Greenberg, D., et al., Problem pathogens: paediatric legionellosis—implications for improved diagnosis. The Lancet infectious diseases, 2006. 6(8): p. 529-535.
Kenagy, E., et al., Risk factors for Legionella longbeachae legionnaires’ disease, New Zealand. Emerging infectious diseases, 2017. 23(7): p. 1148.
Fernández-Sabé, N., et al., Clinical diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia revisited: evaluation of the Community-Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Group scoring system. Clinical infectious diseases, 2003. 37(4): p. 483-489.
ADDISS, D.G., et al., COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED LEGIONNAIRES'DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH A COOLING TOWER: EVIDENCE FOR LONGER-DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1989. 130(3): p. 557-568.
Fraser, D.W., Legionellosis: evidence of airborne transmission. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1980. 353(1): p. 61-66.
Payne, N.R. and M.A. Horwitz, Phagocytosis of Legionella pneumophila is mediated by human monocyte complement receptors. The Journal of experimental medicine, 1987. 166(5): p. 1377-1389.
Hammer, B.K., E.S. Tateda, and M.S. Swanson, A two‐component regulator induces the transmission phenotype of stationary‐phase Legionella pneumophila. Molecular microbiology, 2002. 44(1): p. 107-118.
Garduño, R.A., E. Garduño, and P.S. Hoffman, Surface-associated hsp60 chaperonin of Legionella pneumophila mediates invasion in a HeLa cell model. Infection and immunity, 1998. 66(10): p. 4602-4610.
Robey, M., W. O'Connell, and N.P. Cianciotto, Identification of Legionella pneumophila rcp, a pagP-like gene that confers resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides and promotes intracellular infection. Infection and immunity, 2001. 69(7): p. 4276-4286.
Poirier, R., et al., Early radiographic and tomographic manifestations of Legionnaires' disease. Canadian Association of Radiologists' Journal, 2017. 68(3): p. 328-333.
Tan, M.J., et al., The radiologic manifestations of Legionnaire's disease. Chest, 2000. 117(2): p. 398-403.
Lieberman, D., et al., Legionella species community-acquired pneumonia: a review of 56 hospitalized adult patients. Chest, 1996. 109(5): p. 1243-1249.
Peci, A., A.-L. Winter, and J.B. Gubbay, Evaluation and comparison of multiple test methods, including real-time PCR, for Legionella detection in clinical specimens. Frontiers in public health, 2016. 4: p. 175.
Sopena, N., et al., Comparative study of the clinical presentation of Legionella pneumonia and other community-acquired pneumonias. Chest, 1998. 113(5): p. 1195-200.
Woodhead, M.A. and J.T. Macfarlane, Legionnaires' disease: a review of 79 community acquired cases in Nottingham. Thorax, 1986. 41(8): p. 635-40.
Forsberg, K.J., et al., The Tetracycline Destructases: A Novel Family of Tetracycline-Inactivating Enzymes. Chem Biol, 2015. 22(7): p. 888-97.
Park, J., et al., Plasticity, dynamics, and inhibition of emerging tetracycline resistance enzymes. Nat Chem Biol, 2017. 13(7): p. 730-736.
Portal, E., et al., Legionella antimicrobial sensitivity testing: comparison of microbroth dilution with BCYE and LASARUS solid media. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2021. 76(5): p. 1197-1204.
David, S., et al., Seeding and Establishment of Legionella pneumophila in Hospitals: Implications for Genomic Investigations of Nosocomial Legionnaires' Disease. Clin Infect Dis, 2017. 64(9): p. 1251-1259.
Demirjian, A., et al., The importance of clinical surveillance in detecting legionnaires' disease outbreaks: a large outbreak in a hospital with a Legionella disinfection system-Pennsylvania, 2011-2012. Clin Infect Dis, 2015. 60(11): p. 1596-602.
Murdoch, D.R., et al., Impact of routine systematic polymerase chain reaction testing on case finding for Legionnaires' disease: a pre-post comparison study. Clin Infect Dis, 2013. 57(9): p. 1275-81.
Cecchini, J., et al., Antimicrobial strategy for severe community-acquired legionnaires' disease: a multicentre retrospective observational study. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2017. 72(5): p. 1502-1509.
Garcia-Vidal, C., et al., Levofloxacin versus azithromycin for treating legionella pneumonia: a propensity score analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2017. 23(9): p. 653-658.
Blázquez Garrido, R.M., et al., Antimicrobial chemotherapy for Legionnaires disease: levofloxacin versus macrolides. Clin Infect Dis, 2005. 40(6): p. 800-6.
Grau, S., et al., Impact of rifampicin addition to clarithromycin in Legionella pneumophila pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2006. 28(3): p. 249-52.
Bopp, L.H., et al., Activities of tigecycline and comparators against Legionella pneumophila and Legionella micdadei extracellularly and in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2011. 69(1): p. 86-93.
Bryner, B., et al., Extracorporeal life support for acute respiratory distress syndrome due to severe Legionella pneumonia. Perfusion, 2014. 29(1): p. 39-43.
Noah, M.A., et al., Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and severe acute respiratory distress secondary to Legionella: 10 year experience. Asaio j, 2013. 59(3): p. 328-30.
Roncon-Albuquerque, R., Jr., et al., Outcome and Management of Refractory Respiratory Failure With Timely Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Single-Center Experience With Legionella Pneumonia. J Intensive Care Med, 2019. 34(4): p. 344-350.
Pouderoux, C., et al., Slowly or Nonresolving Legionnaires' Disease: Case Series and Literature Review. Clin Infect Dis, 2020. 70(9): p. 1933-1940.
Sayfalar
97-104
Gelecek
29 Nisan 2024
Telif Hakkı (c) 2024 Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap Portalı
Lisans
LisansNasıl Atıf Yapılır
1.
Alp Göker E. Legionella Türleri ve Lejyoner Hastalığı. Içinde: Dal T, editör. Mikrobiyolojide Güncel Konular V (Bahar) [Internet]. Türkiye: Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap DOI Portalı; 2024 [a.yer 13 Temmuz 2026]. ss. 97-104. Erişim adresi: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/3058/chapter/13584
