Complete Blood Cell Count and Hepatokines as Inflammatory Markers in Obesity
Synopsis
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial and treatable disease, which is characterized by low-grade inflammation. Pediatric obesity is a serious health problem, which may lead to obesity in adulthood. Some hematologic elements appear to be associated with inflammation. Hepatokines along with adipokines and myokines, play regulatory roles in inflammation via various pathways. They are specific and efficient mediators for the crosstalk pathways between the liver and the adipose tissue to maintain energy homeostasis. Therefore, it is plausible to relate these molecules with inflammation and obesity. So far, numerous molecules were evaluated within the scope of hepatokines. Many investigations have been performed concerning various aspects of these molecules. However, the data on their inflammatory nature and the potential associations of each with each one of complete blood cell count analysis members are scarce. The aim of this chapter was to evaluate the complicated network among weight gain, inflammation, insulin resistance, members of complete blood cell count and certain hepatokines such as α2-Heremans Schmid-Glycoprotein (Fetuin-A), Angiopoietin-like Protein-4, Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 and Leukocyte Cell-Derived Chemotaxin-2. Particularly the associations between inflammation-related hepatokines and red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, the related counts and indices as well as ratios have been emphasized.
References
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Vajravelu ME, Tas E, Arslanian S. Pediatric obesity: Complications and current day management. Life (Basel). 2023;13(7):1591.
Ren Y, Zhao H, Yin C, et al. Adipokines, hepatokines and myokines: Focus on their role and molecular mechanisms in adipose tissue inflammation. Frontiers in endocrinology (Lausanne). 2022;13:873699.
Kelly T, Yang W, Chen CS, et al. Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030. International journal of obesity (London). 2008; 32(9):1431–1437.
Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome update. Trends in cardiovascular medicine. 2016; 26(4):364–373.
Kim J, Lee J. Role of obesity-induced inflammation in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: History of the research and remaining questions. Annals of pediatric endocrinology metabolism. 2021; 26: 1–13.
Liu C, Shao M, Lu L, et al. Obesity, insulin resistance and their interaction on liver enzymes. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4): e0249299.
Bush H, Golabi P, Younossi ZM. Pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Children (Basel). 2017;4(6):48.
Alisi A, Manco M, Vania A, et al. Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in 2009. Journal of Pediatrics. 2009;155(4):469-474.
Piester TL, Jagtap N, Kalapala R. Review of paediatric obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-A focus on emerging non-pharmacologic treatment strategies. Pediatric Obesity. 2023;18(10):e13067.
Dybbro E, Vos MB, Kohli R. Special population: Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinics in Liver Disease. 2023;27(2):471-482.
Jayasekera D, Hartmann P. Noninvasive biomarkers in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World Journal of Hepatology. 2023;15(5):609-640.
Calcaterra V, Verduci E, Cena H, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome in ınsulin-resistant adolescents with obesity: The role of nutrition therapy and food supplements as a strategy to protect fertility. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):1848.
Manique MES, Ferreira AMAP. Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence: Challenges in diagnosis and management. Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia. 2022;44(4):425-433.
Donma M, Donma O. Hematologic inflammatory markers and inflammation-related hepatokines in pediatric obesity. International journal of medical and health sciences. 2021;15(9): 283-287.
Göbel BO, Schulte-Göbel A, Weisser B, et al. Arterial blood pressure. Correlation with erythrocyte count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration. American journal of hypertension. 1991; 4: 14–19.
Atsma F, Veldhuizen I, de Kort W, et al. Hemoglobin level is positively associated with blood pressure in a large cohort of healthy individuals. Hypertension. 2012; 60: 936–941.
Jeong HR, Lee HS, Shim YS, et al. Positive associations between body mass ındex and hematological parameters, ıncluding rbcs, wbcs, and platelet counts, in Korean children and adolescents. Children (Basel). 2022;9(1):109.
Donma O, Donma M. The potential involvement of platelet indices in insulin resistance in morbid obese children. International journal of medical and health sciences. 2020;14(3): 85-88.
Donma M, Donma O. Links between inflammation and insulin resistance in children with morbid obesity and metabolic syndrome. International journal of medical and health sciences. 2019; 13(5): 219-222.
Donma M, Donma O. Relationship between hepatokines and insulin resistance in childhood obesity. International journal of medical and health sciences. 2021;15(8): 264 - 267.
Jensen-Cody SO, Potthoff MJ. Hepatokines and metabolism: Deciphering communication from the liver. Molecular metabolism. 2021;44:101138.
Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu J. Friend or foe for obesity: How hepatokines remodel adipose tissues and translational perspective. Genes & diseases. 2022;10(3):825-847.
Donma M, Donma O. The evaluation of complete blood cell count-based ınflammatory markers in pediatric obesity and metabolic syndrome. International journal of medical and health sciences. 2020;14(3): 89-92.
McSorley ST, Tham A, Steele CW, et al. Quantitative data on red cell measures of iron status and their relation to the magnitude of the systemic inflammatory response and survival in patients with colorectal cancer, European journal of surgical oncology. 2019;45(7): 1205-1211.
Thavaraputta S, Dennis JA, Ball S, et al. Relation of hematologic inflammatory markers and obesity in otherwise healthy participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2011-2016, Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 2021; 34(1): 17-21.
Aydın M, Yılmaz A, Donma MM, et al. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in obese adolescents. Northern clinics of Istanbul. 2015; 2(2):87-91.
Walinjkar RS, Khadse S, Kumar S, et al. Platelet indices as a predictor of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2019; 23(2): 206-210.
Ganjali S, Gotto AM, Ruscica M, et al. Monocyte-to-HDL cholesterol ratio as aprognostic marker in cardiovascular diseases. Journal of cellular physiology. 2018; 233(12):9237-9246.
Song L, Zhu J, Li Z, et al.The prognostic value of the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio for high-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer management and research. 2019;11: 8451-8462.
Wang BL, Tian L, Gao XH, et al. Dynamic change of the systemic immune inflammation index predicts the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. 2016; 54(12): 1963-1969.
Yousefi B, Sanaie S, Ghamari AA, et al. Red cell distribution width as a novel prognostic marker in multiple clinical studies. Indian journal of critical care medicine. 2020; 24(1): 49-54.
Li KJ, Xia XF, Su M, et al. Predictive values of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) and neutrophil-to- lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with oesophageal cancer undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy. BMC Cancer. 2019; 19: 1004, 2019.
Qi YL, Zhang Y, Zhao LD, et al. Platelet to lymphocyte ratio in peripheral blood and body mass index : novel independent prognostic factors in patients with melanoma. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2017;97(47):3704-3710.
Chen JW, Li C, Liu ZH, et al. The role of monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in prediction of carotid intimamedia thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in endocrinology (Lausanne). 2019; 10:191.
Osadnik T, Bujak K, Osadnik K, et al. Novel inflammatory biomarkers may reflect subclinical inflammation in young healthy adults with obesity. Endokrynologia Polska. 2019;70(2): 135-142.
Öztürk H, Özen B, Çatlı G, et al. Macular variability in children and adolescents with metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study examining the associations with anthropometric measurements, metabolic parameters and ınflammatory markers. Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology. 2020;12(1):63-70.
Pergialiotis V, Trakakis E, Parthenis C, et al. Correlation of platelet to lymphocyte and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio with hormonal and metabolic parameters in women with PCOS. Hormone molecular biology and clinical investigation. 2018; 34(3): 20170073..
Zhong JH, Huang DH, Chen ZY. Prognostic role of systemic immune-inflammation index in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017; 8: 75381-75388.
Leonardi GC, Accardi G, Monastero R, et al. Ageing: from inflammation to cancer. Immunity ageing, 2018;15: 1.
Berger NA. Young adult cancer: Influence of the obesity pandemic. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018; 26(4): 641-650.
Stone TW, McPherson M, Gail Darlington L. Obesity and cancer: Existing and new hypotheses for a causal connection. EBioMedicine. 2018; 30:14-28.
Tuttolomondo A, Di Raimondo D, Di Sciacca R, et al. Fetuin-A and CD40 L plasma levels in acute ischemic stroke: differences in relation to TOAST subtype and correlation with clinical and laboratory variables. Atherosclerosis. 2010;208(1):290-296.
Reinehr T, Roth CL. Fetuin-A and its relation to metabolic syndrome and fatty liver disease in obese children before and after weight loss. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2008;93(11):4479-4485.
Pan X, Kaminga AC, Chen J, et al. Fetuin-A and fetuin-b in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;17(8):2735.
Zhong F, Guan L, Lin H, et al. Red blood cell count: An unrecognized risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Frontiers in endocrinology (Lausanne). 2021;12:760981.
Zhao L, Shang Y, Luo Q, et al. Decreased plasma fetuin-A level as a novel bioindicator of poor prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia: A multi-center cohort study. Frontiers in medicine (Lausanne). 2022;9:807536.
Kasabri V, Shawakri E, Akour A, et al. Cross-sectional correlates of increased IL-18 but reduced fetuin-A and oxytocin with adiposity and blood indices in metabolic syndrome patients with and without prediabetes. Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism. 2018;9(12):329-338.
Michalak A, Cichoż-Lach H, Guz M, et al. Plateletcrit and mean platelet volume in the evaluation of alcoholic liver cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Biomed research international. 2021;2021:8867985.
Fukasawa H, Ishibuchi K, Kaneko M, et al. Red blood cell distribution width is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis. 2017;21(6):565-571.
Hsieh YP, Tsai SM, Chang CC, et al. Association between red cell distribution width and mortality in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Scientific reports. 2017;7:45632.
Morris A. Obesity: ANGPTL4 - the link binding obesity and glucose intolerance. Nature reviews. Endocrinology. 2018; 14(5), 251.
Singh AK, Chaube B, Zhang X, et al. Hepatocyte-specific suppression of ANGPTL4 improves obesity-associated diabetes and mitigates atherosclerosis in mice. Journal of clinical investigation. 2021;131(17):e140989.
Aryal B, Rotllan N, Araldi E, et al. ANGPTL4 deficiency in haematopoietic cells promotes monocyte expansion and atherosclerosis progression. Nature communications. 2016;7:12313.
Schumacher A, Denecke B, Braunschweig T, et al Angptl4 is upregulated under inflammatory conditions in the bone marrow of mice, expands myeloid progenitors, and accelerates reconstitution of platelets after myelosuppressive therapy. Journal of hematology oncology. 2015;8:64.
Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y. ANGPTL4: a multifunctional protein involved in metabolism and vascular homeostasis. Current opinion in hematology. 2020;27(3):206-213.
57: Georgiadi A, Wang Y, Stienstra R, et al. Overexpression of angiopoietin-like protein 4 protects against atherosclerosis development. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2013;33(7):1529-1537.
Donma MM, Demirkol M, Ekmekci H, et al. Pentraxin-3, angiopoietin-like protein-3, angiopoietin-like protein-4 and angiopoietin-like protein-8 levels in morbid obese children. MED ONE. 2017; 2:e170029
Ristagno G, Fumagalli F, Bottazzi B, et al. Pentraxin 3 in cardiovascular disease. Frontiers in immunology. 2019;10:823.
Badakhshi Y, Jin T. Current understanding and controversies on the clinical implications of fibroblast growth factor 21. Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences. 2021; 58(5): 311-328.
Geng L, Lam KSL, Xu A. The therapeutic potential of FGF21 in metabolic diseases: from bench to clinic. Nature reviews. Endocrinology. 2020;16(11): 654-667.
Giannouli A, Stefanaki C, Kouskoutis C, et al. Hepatokine profile in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case-control study. Journal of clinical medicine. 2023;12(17):5744.
Nori W, Harmoosh SK, Abd Al-Badri HJ. Can red cell distribution width screen for metabolic abnormality in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome?. The journal of medical investigation. 2022;69(3.4):191-195.
Li S, Jia H, Liu Z, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-21 as a novel metabolic factor for regulating thrombotic homeostasis. Scientific reports. 2022;12(1):400.
Lan F, Misu H, Chikamoto K, et al. LECT2 functions as a hepatokine that links obesity to skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2014;63(5):1649-1664.
Xie Y, Fan KW, Guan SX, et al. LECT2: A pleiotropic and promising hepatokine, from bench to bedside. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine. 2022;26(13):3598-3607.
Sonmez FC, Yildiz P, Akhtar MS, et al. New markers in atherosclerosis: Thrombospondin-2 (THBS-2) and leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2 (LECT-2); An immunohistochemical study. Medical science monitor. 2016;22:5234-5239.
Xu H, Li X, Wu Z, et al. LECT2, A novel and direct biomarker of liver fibrosis in patients with CHB. Frontiers in molecular biosciences. 2021;8:749648.
Takata N, Ishii KA, Takayama H, et al. LECT2 as a hepatokine links liver steatosis to inflammation via activating tissue macrophages in NASH. Scientific reports. 2021;11(1):555.
Liu X, Shao Y, Han L, et al. Emerging evidence linking the liver to the cardiovascular system: Liver-derived secretory factors. Journal of clinical and translational hepatology. 2023;11(5):1246-1255.
Moriya S, Wada H, Iwata H, et al. Red cell distribution width predicts long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic coronary syndrome. International heart journal. 2022;63(6):1041-1047.
Hua Y, Sun JY, Lou YX, et al. Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts mortality and cardiovascular mortality in the general population. International journal of cardiology. 2023;379:118-126.
Vajravelu ME, Tas E, Arslanian S. Pediatric obesity: Complications and current day management. Life (Basel). 2023;13(7):1591.
Ren Y, Zhao H, Yin C, et al. Adipokines, hepatokines and myokines: Focus on their role and molecular mechanisms in adipose tissue inflammation. Frontiers in endocrinology (Lausanne). 2022;13:873699.
Kelly T, Yang W, Chen CS, et al. Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030. International journal of obesity (London). 2008; 32(9):1431–1437.
Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome update. Trends in cardiovascular medicine. 2016; 26(4):364–373.
Kim J, Lee J. Role of obesity-induced inflammation in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: History of the research and remaining questions. Annals of pediatric endocrinology metabolism. 2021; 26: 1–13.
Liu C, Shao M, Lu L, et al. Obesity, insulin resistance and their interaction on liver enzymes. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4): e0249299.
Bush H, Golabi P, Younossi ZM. Pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Children (Basel). 2017;4(6):48.
Alisi A, Manco M, Vania A, et al. Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in 2009. Journal of Pediatrics. 2009;155(4):469-474.
Piester TL, Jagtap N, Kalapala R. Review of paediatric obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-A focus on emerging non-pharmacologic treatment strategies. Pediatric Obesity. 2023;18(10):e13067.
Dybbro E, Vos MB, Kohli R. Special population: Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinics in Liver Disease. 2023;27(2):471-482.
Jayasekera D, Hartmann P. Noninvasive biomarkers in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World Journal of Hepatology. 2023;15(5):609-640.
Calcaterra V, Verduci E, Cena H, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome in ınsulin-resistant adolescents with obesity: The role of nutrition therapy and food supplements as a strategy to protect fertility. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):1848.
Manique MES, Ferreira AMAP. Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence: Challenges in diagnosis and management. Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia. 2022;44(4):425-433.
Donma M, Donma O. Hematologic inflammatory markers and inflammation-related hepatokines in pediatric obesity. International journal of medical and health sciences. 2021;15(9): 283-287.
Göbel BO, Schulte-Göbel A, Weisser B, et al. Arterial blood pressure. Correlation with erythrocyte count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration. American journal of hypertension. 1991; 4: 14–19.
Atsma F, Veldhuizen I, de Kort W, et al. Hemoglobin level is positively associated with blood pressure in a large cohort of healthy individuals. Hypertension. 2012; 60: 936–941.
Jeong HR, Lee HS, Shim YS, et al. Positive associations between body mass ındex and hematological parameters, ıncluding rbcs, wbcs, and platelet counts, in Korean children and adolescents. Children (Basel). 2022;9(1):109.
Donma O, Donma M. The potential involvement of platelet indices in insulin resistance in morbid obese children. International journal of medical and health sciences. 2020;14(3): 85-88.
Donma M, Donma O. Links between inflammation and insulin resistance in children with morbid obesity and metabolic syndrome. International journal of medical and health sciences. 2019; 13(5): 219-222.
Donma M, Donma O. Relationship between hepatokines and insulin resistance in childhood obesity. International journal of medical and health sciences. 2021;15(8): 264 - 267.
Jensen-Cody SO, Potthoff MJ. Hepatokines and metabolism: Deciphering communication from the liver. Molecular metabolism. 2021;44:101138.
Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu J. Friend or foe for obesity: How hepatokines remodel adipose tissues and translational perspective. Genes & diseases. 2022;10(3):825-847.
Donma M, Donma O. The evaluation of complete blood cell count-based ınflammatory markers in pediatric obesity and metabolic syndrome. International journal of medical and health sciences. 2020;14(3): 89-92.
McSorley ST, Tham A, Steele CW, et al. Quantitative data on red cell measures of iron status and their relation to the magnitude of the systemic inflammatory response and survival in patients with colorectal cancer, European journal of surgical oncology. 2019;45(7): 1205-1211.
Thavaraputta S, Dennis JA, Ball S, et al. Relation of hematologic inflammatory markers and obesity in otherwise healthy participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2011-2016, Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 2021; 34(1): 17-21.
Aydın M, Yılmaz A, Donma MM, et al. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in obese adolescents. Northern clinics of Istanbul. 2015; 2(2):87-91.
Walinjkar RS, Khadse S, Kumar S, et al. Platelet indices as a predictor of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2019; 23(2): 206-210.
Ganjali S, Gotto AM, Ruscica M, et al. Monocyte-to-HDL cholesterol ratio as aprognostic marker in cardiovascular diseases. Journal of cellular physiology. 2018; 233(12):9237-9246.
Song L, Zhu J, Li Z, et al.The prognostic value of the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio for high-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer management and research. 2019;11: 8451-8462.
Wang BL, Tian L, Gao XH, et al. Dynamic change of the systemic immune inflammation index predicts the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. 2016; 54(12): 1963-1969.
Yousefi B, Sanaie S, Ghamari AA, et al. Red cell distribution width as a novel prognostic marker in multiple clinical studies. Indian journal of critical care medicine. 2020; 24(1): 49-54.
Li KJ, Xia XF, Su M, et al. Predictive values of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) and neutrophil-to- lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with oesophageal cancer undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy. BMC Cancer. 2019; 19: 1004, 2019.
Qi YL, Zhang Y, Zhao LD, et al. Platelet to lymphocyte ratio in peripheral blood and body mass index : novel independent prognostic factors in patients with melanoma. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2017;97(47):3704-3710.
Chen JW, Li C, Liu ZH, et al. The role of monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in prediction of carotid intimamedia thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in endocrinology (Lausanne). 2019; 10:191.
Osadnik T, Bujak K, Osadnik K, et al. Novel inflammatory biomarkers may reflect subclinical inflammation in young healthy adults with obesity. Endokrynologia Polska. 2019;70(2): 135-142.
Öztürk H, Özen B, Çatlı G, et al. Macular variability in children and adolescents with metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study examining the associations with anthropometric measurements, metabolic parameters and ınflammatory markers. Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology. 2020;12(1):63-70.
Pergialiotis V, Trakakis E, Parthenis C, et al. Correlation of platelet to lymphocyte and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio with hormonal and metabolic parameters in women with PCOS. Hormone molecular biology and clinical investigation. 2018; 34(3): 20170073..
Zhong JH, Huang DH, Chen ZY. Prognostic role of systemic immune-inflammation index in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017; 8: 75381-75388.
Leonardi GC, Accardi G, Monastero R, et al. Ageing: from inflammation to cancer. Immunity ageing, 2018;15: 1.
Berger NA. Young adult cancer: Influence of the obesity pandemic. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018; 26(4): 641-650.
Stone TW, McPherson M, Gail Darlington L. Obesity and cancer: Existing and new hypotheses for a causal connection. EBioMedicine. 2018; 30:14-28.
Tuttolomondo A, Di Raimondo D, Di Sciacca R, et al. Fetuin-A and CD40 L plasma levels in acute ischemic stroke: differences in relation to TOAST subtype and correlation with clinical and laboratory variables. Atherosclerosis. 2010;208(1):290-296.
Reinehr T, Roth CL. Fetuin-A and its relation to metabolic syndrome and fatty liver disease in obese children before and after weight loss. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2008;93(11):4479-4485.
Pan X, Kaminga AC, Chen J, et al. Fetuin-A and fetuin-b in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;17(8):2735.
Zhong F, Guan L, Lin H, et al. Red blood cell count: An unrecognized risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Frontiers in endocrinology (Lausanne). 2021;12:760981.
Zhao L, Shang Y, Luo Q, et al. Decreased plasma fetuin-A level as a novel bioindicator of poor prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia: A multi-center cohort study. Frontiers in medicine (Lausanne). 2022;9:807536.
Kasabri V, Shawakri E, Akour A, et al. Cross-sectional correlates of increased IL-18 but reduced fetuin-A and oxytocin with adiposity and blood indices in metabolic syndrome patients with and without prediabetes. Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism. 2018;9(12):329-338.
Michalak A, Cichoż-Lach H, Guz M, et al. Plateletcrit and mean platelet volume in the evaluation of alcoholic liver cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Biomed research international. 2021;2021:8867985.
Fukasawa H, Ishibuchi K, Kaneko M, et al. Red blood cell distribution width is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis. 2017;21(6):565-571.
Hsieh YP, Tsai SM, Chang CC, et al. Association between red cell distribution width and mortality in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Scientific reports. 2017;7:45632.
Morris A. Obesity: ANGPTL4 - the link binding obesity and glucose intolerance. Nature reviews. Endocrinology. 2018; 14(5), 251.
Singh AK, Chaube B, Zhang X, et al. Hepatocyte-specific suppression of ANGPTL4 improves obesity-associated diabetes and mitigates atherosclerosis in mice. Journal of clinical investigation. 2021;131(17):e140989.
Aryal B, Rotllan N, Araldi E, et al. ANGPTL4 deficiency in haematopoietic cells promotes monocyte expansion and atherosclerosis progression. Nature communications. 2016;7:12313.
Schumacher A, Denecke B, Braunschweig T, et al Angptl4 is upregulated under inflammatory conditions in the bone marrow of mice, expands myeloid progenitors, and accelerates reconstitution of platelets after myelosuppressive therapy. Journal of hematology oncology. 2015;8:64.
Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y. ANGPTL4: a multifunctional protein involved in metabolism and vascular homeostasis. Current opinion in hematology. 2020;27(3):206-213.
57: Georgiadi A, Wang Y, Stienstra R, et al. Overexpression of angiopoietin-like protein 4 protects against atherosclerosis development. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2013;33(7):1529-1537.
Donma MM, Demirkol M, Ekmekci H, et al. Pentraxin-3, angiopoietin-like protein-3, angiopoietin-like protein-4 and angiopoietin-like protein-8 levels in morbid obese children. MED ONE. 2017; 2:e170029
Ristagno G, Fumagalli F, Bottazzi B, et al. Pentraxin 3 in cardiovascular disease. Frontiers in immunology. 2019;10:823.
Badakhshi Y, Jin T. Current understanding and controversies on the clinical implications of fibroblast growth factor 21. Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences. 2021; 58(5): 311-328.
Geng L, Lam KSL, Xu A. The therapeutic potential of FGF21 in metabolic diseases: from bench to clinic. Nature reviews. Endocrinology. 2020;16(11): 654-667.
Giannouli A, Stefanaki C, Kouskoutis C, et al. Hepatokine profile in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case-control study. Journal of clinical medicine. 2023;12(17):5744.
Nori W, Harmoosh SK, Abd Al-Badri HJ. Can red cell distribution width screen for metabolic abnormality in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome?. The journal of medical investigation. 2022;69(3.4):191-195.
Li S, Jia H, Liu Z, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-21 as a novel metabolic factor for regulating thrombotic homeostasis. Scientific reports. 2022;12(1):400.
Lan F, Misu H, Chikamoto K, et al. LECT2 functions as a hepatokine that links obesity to skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2014;63(5):1649-1664.
Xie Y, Fan KW, Guan SX, et al. LECT2: A pleiotropic and promising hepatokine, from bench to bedside. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine. 2022;26(13):3598-3607.
Sonmez FC, Yildiz P, Akhtar MS, et al. New markers in atherosclerosis: Thrombospondin-2 (THBS-2) and leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2 (LECT-2); An immunohistochemical study. Medical science monitor. 2016;22:5234-5239.
Xu H, Li X, Wu Z, et al. LECT2, A novel and direct biomarker of liver fibrosis in patients with CHB. Frontiers in molecular biosciences. 2021;8:749648.
Takata N, Ishii KA, Takayama H, et al. LECT2 as a hepatokine links liver steatosis to inflammation via activating tissue macrophages in NASH. Scientific reports. 2021;11(1):555.
Liu X, Shao Y, Han L, et al. Emerging evidence linking the liver to the cardiovascular system: Liver-derived secretory factors. Journal of clinical and translational hepatology. 2023;11(5):1246-1255.
Moriya S, Wada H, Iwata H, et al. Red cell distribution width predicts long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic coronary syndrome. International heart journal. 2022;63(6):1041-1047.
Hua Y, Sun JY, Lou YX, et al. Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts mortality and cardiovascular mortality in the general population. International journal of cardiology. 2023;379:118-126.
Pages
37-50
Published
April 23, 2024
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1.
Donma MM. Complete Blood Cell Count and Hepatokines as Inflammatory Markers in Obesity. In: Kadiroğlu AK, editor. General Internal Medicine VI (Spring) [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2024 [cited 2026 Jul. 13]. pp. 37-50. Available from: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/3053/chapter/13728
