Kardiyovasküler Cerrahide Postoperatif Deliryum

Koster S, Hensens AG, Schuurmans MJ, van der Palen J. Consequences of delirium after cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93(3):705-11. doi:10.1016/j.athora- csur.2011.07.006.
National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK). Delirium: Diagnosis, Prevention and Management. London: Royal College of Physicians (UK); July 2010.
Rudolph JL, Jones RN, Levkoff SE, et al. Derivation and validation of a preoperative prediction rule for delirium after cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2009;119(2):229-236. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.795260
Neufeld KJ, Nelliot A, Inouye SK, et al. Delirium diagnosis methodology used in research: a survey-based study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(12):1513-1521. do- i:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.03.003.
Gottesman RF, Grega MA, Bailey MM, et al. Delirium after coronary artery by- pass graft surgery and late mortality. Ann Neurol. 2010;67(3):338-344. doi:10.1002/ ana.21899.
American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association DSMTF. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5. ed. ed. Arlington; 2013.
Chaput AJ, Bryson GL. Postoperative delirium: risk factors and management: con- tinuing professional development. Can J Anaesth. 2012;59(3):304-320. doi:10.1007/ s12630-011-9658-4
Bleck TP. How Critical Illness Affects the Brain…and Vice Versa. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(3):465-470. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002944
Morandi A, Jackson JC. Delirium in the intensive care unit: a review. Neurol Clin. 2011;29(4):749-763. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2011.08.004.
Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the manage- ment of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(1):263-306. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182783b72
Luetz A, Weiss B, Boettcher S, Burmeister J, Wernecke KD, Spies C. Routine deli- rium monitoring is independently associated with a reduction of hospital mortality in critically ill surgical patients: A prospective, observational cohort study. J Crit Care. 2016;35:168-173. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.05.028.
Brown CH. Delirium in the cardiac surgical ICU. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2014;27(2):117-122. doi:10.1097/ACO.0000000000000061
McPherson JA, Wagner CE, Boehm LM, et al. Delirium in the cardiovascular ICU: exploring modifiable risk factors [published correction appears in Crit Care Med. 2013 Apr;41(4):e41. Pandhvaripande, Pratik P [corrected to Pandharipande, Pratik P]]. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(2):405-413. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31826ab49b
Falsini G, Grotti S, Porto I, et al. Long-term prognostic value of delirium in elder- ly patients with acute cardiac diseases admitted to two cardiac intensive care units: a prospective study (DELIRIUM CORDIS). Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2018;7(7):661-670. doi:10.1177/2048872617695235.
Qu J, Chen Y, Luo G, Zhong H, Xiao W, Yin H. Delirium in the Acute Phase of Ischemic Stroke: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Effects on Functional Outcome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;27(10):2641-2647. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovas- dis.2018.05.034
Jin Z, Hu J, Ma D. Postoperative delirium: perioperative assessment, risk reduction, and management. Br J Anaesth. 2020;125(4):492-504. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2020.06.063.
Maldonado JR. Delirium pathophysiology: An updated hypothesis of the etiology of acute brain failure. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(11):1428-1457. doi:10.1002/ gps.4823.
Simone MJ, Tan ZS. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of delirium and dementia in older adults: a review. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2011;17(5):506-513. do- i:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00173.x
Adam EH, Haas V, Lindau S, Zacharowski K, Scheller B. Cholinesterase alterations in delirium after cardiosurgery: a German monocentric prospective study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(1):e031212. Published 2020 Jan 14. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031212.
Berr C, Balansard B, Arnaud J, Roussel AM, Alpérovitch A. Cognitive decline is asso- ciated with systemic oxidative stress: the EVA study. Etude du Vieillissement Artériel. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(10):1285-1291. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb02603.x.
Lopez MG, Hughes CG, DeMatteo A, et al. Intraoperative Oxidative Damage and Delirium after Cardiac Surgery. Anesthesiology. 2020;132(3):551-561. doi:10.1097/ ALN.0000000000003016.
Lopez MG, Pandharipande P, Morse J, et al. Intraoperative cerebral oxygenati- on, oxidative injury, and delirium following cardiac surgery. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017;103:192-198. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.039.
Trzepacz, PT.; van der Mast, R. The Neuropathophysiology of Delirium. Oxford: Ox- fordUniversity Press; 2002.
Kudoh A, Takase H, Katagai H, Takazawa T. Postoperative interleukin-6 and cortisol concentrations in elderly patients with postoperative confusion. Neuroimmunomo- dulation. 2005;12(1):60-66. doi:10.1159/000082365.
Jones D, Matalanis G, Mårtensson J, et al. Predictors and Outcomes of Cardiac Sur- gery-Associated Delirium. A Single Centre Retrospective Cohort Study. Heart Lung Circ. 2019;28(3):455-463. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2018.01.007
Zaal IJ, Devlin JW, Peelen LM, Slooter AJ. Asystematicreviewofriskfactorsfordelirium in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(1):40-47. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000625
Honda S, Nagai T, Sugano Y, et al. Prevalence, determinants, and prognostic signifi- cance of delirium in patients with acute heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2016;222:521-527. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.236
Thomas CE, Jichici D, Petrucci R, Urrutia VC, Schwartzman RJ. Neurologic complica- tions of the Novacor left ventricular assist device. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72(4):1311- 1315. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(01)03004-1
Abawi M, Nijhoff F, Agostoni P, et al. Incidence, Predictive Factors, and Effect of Delirium After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9(2):160-168. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2015.09.037.
Samim M, Hendrikse J, van der Worp HB, et al. Silent ischemic brain lesions after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: lesion distribution and predictors. Clin Res Cardiol. 2015;104(5):430-438. doi:10.1007/s00392-014-0798-8.
Indja B, Woldendorp K, Vallely MP, Grieve SM. Silent Brain Infarcts Following Cardiac Procedures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(9):e010920. doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.010920.
Giustino G, Sorrentino S, Mehran R, Faggioni M, Dangas G. Cerebral Embolic Prote- ction During TAVR: A Clinical Event Meta-Analysis [published correction appears in J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Apr 3;71(13):1498-1499]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(4):465- 466. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.12.002
O’Neal JB, Billings FT 4th, Liu X, et al. Risk factors for delirium after cardiac surgery: a historical cohort study outlining the influence of cardiopulmonary bypass. Fac-


teurs de risque de délirium après la circulation extracorporelle: une étude de cohor- te historique décrivant l’influence de la circulation extracorporelle. Can J Anaesth. 2017;64(11):1129-1137. doi:10.1007/s12630-017-0938-5
Naksuk N, Thongprayoon C, Park JY, et al. Editor’s Choice-Clinical impact of delirium and antipsychotic therapy: 10-Year experience from a referral coronary care unit. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2017;6(6):560-568. doi:10.1177/2048872615592232
Mailhot T, Cossette S, Lambert J, et al. Delirium After Cardiac Surgery and Cumu- lative Fluid Balance: A Case-Control Cohort Study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33(1):93-101. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2018.07.012
Schoen J, Meyerrose J, Paarmann H, Heringlake M, Hueppe M, Berger KU. Preope- rative regional cerebral oxygen saturation is a predictor of postoperative delirium in on-pump cardiac surgery patients: a prospective observational trial. Crit Care. 2011;15(5):R218. doi:10.1186/cc10454.
Banach M, Kazmierski J, Kowman M, et al. Atrial fibrillation as a nonpsychi- atric predictor of delirium after cardiac surgery: a pilot study. Med Sci Monit. 2008;14(5):CR286-CR291.
Tse L, Schwarz SK, Bowering JB, et al. Pharmacological risk factors for deliri- um after cardiac surgery: a review. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2012;10(3):181-196. doi:10.2174/157015912803217332
Breit H, Bleck TP, Koffman L. Delirium in Cardiac and Cardiovascular Surgical In- tensive Care Units. Semin Neurol. 2021;41(4):453-462. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1726283
Hayhurst CJ, Pandharipande PP, Hughes CG. Intensive Care Unit Delirium: A Re- view of Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment. Anesthesiology. 2016;125(6):1229- 1241. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001378
Ibrahim K, McCarthy CP, McCarthy KJ, et al. Delirium in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(4):e008568. Published 2018 Feb 16. doi:10.1161/ JAHA.118.008568
Stagno D, Gibson C, Breitbart W. The delirium subtypes: a review of prevalence, phenomenology, pathophysiology, and treatment response. Palliat Support Care. 2004;2(2):171-179. doi:10.1017/s1478951504040234
Pun BT, Gordon SM, Peterson JF, et al. Large-scale implementation of sedation and delirium monitoring in the intensive care unit: a report from two medical centers. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(6):1199-1205. doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000166867.78320.ac
Gusmao-Flores D, Salluh JI, Chalhub RÁ, Quarantini LC. The confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) and intensive care delirium screening checklist (ICDSC) for the diagnosis of delirium: a systematic review and meta-analy- sis of clinical studies. Crit Care. 2012;16(4):R115. Published 2012 Jul 3. doi:10.1186/ cc11407.
Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: va- lidity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(10):1338-1344. doi:10.1164/rccm.2107138
Han JH, Vasilevskis EE, Schnelle JF, et al. The Diagnostic Performance of the Rich- mond Agitation Sedation Scale for Detecting Delirium in Older Emergency Depart- ment Patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2015;22(7):878-882. doi:10.1111/acem.12706
Ritchie BM, Torbic H, DeGrado JR, Reardon DP. Sedation Variability Increases Inci- dence of Delirium in Adult Medical Intensive Care Unit Patients at a Tertiary Academic Medical Center. Am J Ther. 2019;26(1):e92-e95. doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000000455
Kaplan NM, Palmer BF, Roche V. Etiology and management of delirium. Am J Med Sci 2003;325:20-30. doi: 10.1097/00000441-200301000-00005.
Salottolo K, McGuire E, Mains CW, van Doorn EC, Bar-Or D. Occurrence, Pre- dictors, and Prognosis of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome and Delirium Tremens Following Traumatic Injury. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(5):867-874. doi:10.1097/ CCM.0000000000002371.
Kosten TR, Baxter LE. Review article: Effective management of opioid withdrawal symptoms: A gateway to opioid dependence treatment. Am J Addict. 2019;28(2):55- 62. doi:10.1111/ajad.12862
Ng KT, Shubash CJ, Chong JS. The effect of dexmedetomidine on delirium and agi- tation in patients in intensive care: systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Anaesthesia. 2019;74(3):380-392. doi:10.1111/anae.14472
Jakob SM, Ruokonen E, Grounds RM, et al. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam or pro- pofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation: two randomized cont- rolled trials. JAMA. 2012;307(11):1151-1160. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.304
Pereira JV, Sanjanwala RM, Mohammed MK, Le ML, Arora RC. Dexmedetomidine versus propofol sedation in reducing delirium among older adults in the ICU: A syste- matic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2020;37(2):121-131. doi:10.1097/ EJA.0000000000001131
Morris NP. Antipsychotics for delirium-the consent conundrum. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(2):e5. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30522-X
Girard TD, Exline MC, Carson SS, et al. Haloperidol and Ziprasidone for Treatment of Delirium in Critical Illness. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(26):2506-2516. doi:10.1056/ NEJMoa1808217
Page VJ, Ely EW, Gates S, et al. Effect of intravenous haloperidol on the duration of delirium and coma in critically ill patients (Hope-ICU): a randomised, doub- le-blind, placebo-controlled trial [published correction appears in Lancet Respir Med. 2013 Oct;1(8):592]. Lancet Respir Med. 2013;1(7):515-523. doi:10.1016/S2213- 2600(13)70166-8.
Carvalho J, Alvim R, Martins J, et al. Pharmacological treatment of hypoactive de- lirium in critically ill patients: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2013;17(Suppl 3):P36. doi:10.1186/cc12652