Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Clinical Findings and Current Management Approaches
References
Islam H, Masud J, Islam YN, et al. An update on polycystic ovary syndrome: A review of the current state of knowledge in diagnosis, genetic etiology, and emerging treatment options. Women's Health. 2022;18:17455057221117966.
Stańczak NA, Grywalska E, Dudzińska E. The latest reports and treatment methods on polycystic ovary syndrome. Annals of medicine. 2024;56(1):2357737.
Sosnova EA, Tat’yana SG. Results of surgical treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome in women of reproductive age. VF Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2023;11(2):105-11.
Gibson-Helm M, Teede H, Dunaif A, et al. Delayed diagnosis and a lack of information associated with dissatisfaction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2017;102(2):604-12.
Mykhalchenko K, Lizneva D, Trofimova T, et al. Genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Expert review of molecular diagnostics. 2017;17(7):723-33.
Kerchner A, Lester W, Stuart SP, et al. Risk of depression and other mental health disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a longitudinal study. Fertility and sterility. 2009;91(1):207-12.
Tomlinson J, Pinkney J, Adams L, et al. The diagnosis and lived experience of polycystic ovary syndrome: A qualitative study. Journal of advanced nursing. 2017;73(10):2318-26.
Jozkowiak M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Kobylarek D, et al. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in polycystic ovary syndrome: the relevant role of the theca and granulosa cells in the pathogenesis of the ovarian dysfunction. Cells. 2022;12(1):174.
Sun Y, Gao S, Ye C, et al. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in polycystic ovary syndrome: Mechanisms of progression and clinical applications. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. 2023;13:1142041.
Vázquez-Martínez ER, Gómez-Viais YI, García-Gómez E, et al. DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Reproduction. 2019;158(1):R27-R40.
Bozdag G, Mumusoglu S, Zengin D, et al. The prevalence and phenotypic features of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction. 2016;31(12):2841-55.
Asuncion M, Calvo RM, San Millán JL, et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected Caucasian women from Spain. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2000;85(7):2434-8.
Li R, Zhang Q, Yang D, et al. Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women in China: a large community-based study. Human reproduction. 2013;28(9):2562-9.
March WA, Moore VM, Willson KJ, et al. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a community sample assessed under contrasting diagnostic criteria. Human reproduction. 2010;25(2):544-51.
Tsilchorozidou T, Overton C, Conway GS. The pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical endocrinology. 2004;60(1):1-17.
ESHRE TR, Group A-SPCW. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and sterility. 2004;81(1):19-25.
Dumesic DA, Oberfield SE, Stener-Victorin E, et al. Scientific statement on the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and molecular genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine reviews. 2015;36(5):487-525.
Draznin B. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance: serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and increased expression of p85α: the two sides of a coin. Diabetes. 2006;55(8):2392-7.
Stepto N, Hiam D, Gibson-Helm M, et al. Exercise and insulin resistance in PCOS: muscle insulin signalling and fibrosis. Endocrine connections. 2020;9(4):346-59.
Moghetti P, Tosi F. Insulin resistance and PCOS: chicken or egg? Journal of endocrinological investigation. 2021;44(2):233-44.
Unluhizarci K, Karaca Z, Kelestimur F. Role of insulin and insulin resistance in androgen excess disorders. World journal of diabetes. 2021;12(5):616.
James DE, Stöckli J, Birnbaum MJ. The aetiology and molecular landscape of insulin resistance. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2021;22(11):751-71.
Lee S-H, Park S-Y, Choi CS. Insulin resistance: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Diabetes & metabolism journal. 2022;46(1):15-37.
Cabrera-Cruz H, Oróstica L, Plaza-Parrochia F, et al. The insulin-sensitizing mechanism of myo-inositol is associated with AMPK activation and GLUT-4 expression in human endometrial cells exposed to a PCOS environment. American journal of physiology-endocrinology and metabolism. 2020;318(2):E237-E48.
Barber TM, McCarthy M, Wass J, et al. Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical endocrinology. 2006;65(2):137-45.
Kazemi M, Pierson RA, Parry SA, et al. Obesity, but not hyperandrogenism or insulin resistance, predicts skeletal muscle mass in reproductive‐aged women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of 45 observational studies. Obesity Reviews. 2021;22(8):e13255.
Priya M, Nanthini A, Bini K. Polycystic ovary syndrome: An updated review. International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences. 2019;8(4):229-.
Kruszewska J, Laudy-Wiaderny H, Kunicki M. Review of novel potential insulin resistance biomarkers in PCOS patients—The debate is still open. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(4):2099.
Rudnicka E, Suchta K, Grymowicz M, et al. Chronic low grade inflammation in pathogenesis of PCOS. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;22(7):3789.
Osibogun O, Ogunmoroti O, Michos ED. Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiometabolic risk: Opportunities for cardiovascular disease prevention. Trends in cardiovascular medicine. 2020;30(7):399-404.
Tay CT, Mousa A, Vyas A, et al. 2023 International Evidence‐Based Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Guideline Update: Insights From a Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis on Elevated Clinical Cardiovascular Disease in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2024;13(16):e033572.
Zahid S, Khan MZ, Gowda S, et al. Trends, predictors, and outcomes of cardiovascular complications associated with polycystic ovary syndrome during delivery hospitalizations: a national inpatient sample analysis (2002–2019). Journal of the American Heart Association. 2022;11(16):e025839.
Guarano A, Capozzi A, Cristodoro M, et al. Alpha Lipoic Acid Efficacy in PCOS Treatment: What Is the Truth? Nutrients. 2023;15(14):3209.
Alur-Gupta S, Boland MR, Barnhart KT, et al. Postpartum complications increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2021;224(3):280. e1-. e13.
Zhu T, Cui J, Goodarzi MO. Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Diabetes. 2021;70(2):627-37.
Ethirajulu A, Alkasabera A, Onyali CB, et al. Insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and its associated symptoms are the precipitating factors for depression in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Cureus. 2021;13(9).
Allen LA, Shrikrishnapalasuriyar N, Rees DA. Long‐term health outcomes in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a narrative review. Clinical Endocrinology. 2022;97(2):187-98.
Barber TM, Franks S. Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical endocrinology. 2021;95(4):531-41.
Zeng X, Xie Y-j, Liu Y-t, et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: Correlation between hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and obesity. Clinica chimica acta. 2020;502:214-21.
Tasali E, Chapotot F, Leproult R, et al. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea improves cardiometabolic function in young obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2011;96(2):365-74.
Kazemi M, Hadi A, Pierson RA, et al. Effects of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load on cardiometabolic and reproductive profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Advances in Nutrition. 2021;12(1):161-78.
Scannell N, Moran L, Mantzioris E, et al. Efficacy, feasibility and acceptability of a mediterranean diet intervention on hormonal, metabolic and anthropometric measures in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: study protocol. Metabolites. 2022;12(4):311.
Shahid R, Mahnoor, Awan KA, et al. Diet and lifestyle modifications for effective management of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Journal of food biochemistry. 2022;46(7):e14117.
Yang J, Liang J, Xu J, et al. The impact of dietary interventions on polycystic ovary syndrome patients with a BMI≥ 25 kg/m2: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Reproductive Medicine and Biology. 2024;23(1):e12607.
Shele G, Genkil J, Speelman D. A systematic review of the effects of exercise on hormones in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2020;5(2):35.
Parmar S-LK, Whooten R. Efficacy of physical activity in polycystic ovary syndrome treatment. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity. 2024;31(6):216-21.
Patten RK, Boyle RA, Moholdt T, et al. Exercise interventions in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in physiology. 2020;11:606.
Moran LJ, Tassone EC, Boyle J, et al. Evidence summaries and recommendations from the international evidence‐based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: lifestyle management. Obesity Reviews. 2020;21(10):e13046.
Cignarella A, Mioni R, Sabbadin C, et al. Pharmacological approaches to controlling cardiometabolic risk in women with PCOS. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;21(24):9554.
Kancherla H, Konduri G, Balaprabha R, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of PCOS- A Comparative Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 2022:107-13.
Szczesnowicz A, Szeliga A, Niwczyk O, et al. Do GLP-1 Analogs Have a Place in the Treatment of PCOS? New Insights and Promising Therapies. Journal of clinical medicine. 2023;12(18):5915.
Choudhury JY, Elora N, Akther H, et al. Evaluation and Treatment Strategies for Infertile Patients with Diagnosed Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Sch Int J Obstet Gynec. 2024;7(7):289-95.
Alesi S, Ee C, Moran LJ, et al. Nutritional supplements and complementary therapies in polycystic ovary syndrome. Advances in Nutrition. 2022;13(4):1243-66.
Banaszewska B, Pawelczyk L, Spaczynski R. Current and future aspects of several adjunctive treatment strategies in polycystic ovary syndrome. Reproductive biology. 2019;19(4):309-15.
Stańczak NA, Grywalska E, Dudzińska E. The latest reports and treatment methods on polycystic ovary syndrome. Annals of medicine. 2024;56(1):2357737.
Sosnova EA, Tat’yana SG. Results of surgical treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome in women of reproductive age. VF Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2023;11(2):105-11.
Gibson-Helm M, Teede H, Dunaif A, et al. Delayed diagnosis and a lack of information associated with dissatisfaction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2017;102(2):604-12.
Mykhalchenko K, Lizneva D, Trofimova T, et al. Genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Expert review of molecular diagnostics. 2017;17(7):723-33.
Kerchner A, Lester W, Stuart SP, et al. Risk of depression and other mental health disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a longitudinal study. Fertility and sterility. 2009;91(1):207-12.
Tomlinson J, Pinkney J, Adams L, et al. The diagnosis and lived experience of polycystic ovary syndrome: A qualitative study. Journal of advanced nursing. 2017;73(10):2318-26.
Jozkowiak M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Kobylarek D, et al. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in polycystic ovary syndrome: the relevant role of the theca and granulosa cells in the pathogenesis of the ovarian dysfunction. Cells. 2022;12(1):174.
Sun Y, Gao S, Ye C, et al. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in polycystic ovary syndrome: Mechanisms of progression and clinical applications. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. 2023;13:1142041.
Vázquez-Martínez ER, Gómez-Viais YI, García-Gómez E, et al. DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Reproduction. 2019;158(1):R27-R40.
Bozdag G, Mumusoglu S, Zengin D, et al. The prevalence and phenotypic features of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction. 2016;31(12):2841-55.
Asuncion M, Calvo RM, San Millán JL, et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected Caucasian women from Spain. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2000;85(7):2434-8.
Li R, Zhang Q, Yang D, et al. Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women in China: a large community-based study. Human reproduction. 2013;28(9):2562-9.
March WA, Moore VM, Willson KJ, et al. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a community sample assessed under contrasting diagnostic criteria. Human reproduction. 2010;25(2):544-51.
Tsilchorozidou T, Overton C, Conway GS. The pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical endocrinology. 2004;60(1):1-17.
ESHRE TR, Group A-SPCW. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and sterility. 2004;81(1):19-25.
Dumesic DA, Oberfield SE, Stener-Victorin E, et al. Scientific statement on the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and molecular genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine reviews. 2015;36(5):487-525.
Draznin B. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance: serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and increased expression of p85α: the two sides of a coin. Diabetes. 2006;55(8):2392-7.
Stepto N, Hiam D, Gibson-Helm M, et al. Exercise and insulin resistance in PCOS: muscle insulin signalling and fibrosis. Endocrine connections. 2020;9(4):346-59.
Moghetti P, Tosi F. Insulin resistance and PCOS: chicken or egg? Journal of endocrinological investigation. 2021;44(2):233-44.
Unluhizarci K, Karaca Z, Kelestimur F. Role of insulin and insulin resistance in androgen excess disorders. World journal of diabetes. 2021;12(5):616.
James DE, Stöckli J, Birnbaum MJ. The aetiology and molecular landscape of insulin resistance. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2021;22(11):751-71.
Lee S-H, Park S-Y, Choi CS. Insulin resistance: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Diabetes & metabolism journal. 2022;46(1):15-37.
Cabrera-Cruz H, Oróstica L, Plaza-Parrochia F, et al. The insulin-sensitizing mechanism of myo-inositol is associated with AMPK activation and GLUT-4 expression in human endometrial cells exposed to a PCOS environment. American journal of physiology-endocrinology and metabolism. 2020;318(2):E237-E48.
Barber TM, McCarthy M, Wass J, et al. Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical endocrinology. 2006;65(2):137-45.
Kazemi M, Pierson RA, Parry SA, et al. Obesity, but not hyperandrogenism or insulin resistance, predicts skeletal muscle mass in reproductive‐aged women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of 45 observational studies. Obesity Reviews. 2021;22(8):e13255.
Priya M, Nanthini A, Bini K. Polycystic ovary syndrome: An updated review. International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences. 2019;8(4):229-.
Kruszewska J, Laudy-Wiaderny H, Kunicki M. Review of novel potential insulin resistance biomarkers in PCOS patients—The debate is still open. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(4):2099.
Rudnicka E, Suchta K, Grymowicz M, et al. Chronic low grade inflammation in pathogenesis of PCOS. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;22(7):3789.
Osibogun O, Ogunmoroti O, Michos ED. Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiometabolic risk: Opportunities for cardiovascular disease prevention. Trends in cardiovascular medicine. 2020;30(7):399-404.
Tay CT, Mousa A, Vyas A, et al. 2023 International Evidence‐Based Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Guideline Update: Insights From a Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis on Elevated Clinical Cardiovascular Disease in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2024;13(16):e033572.
Zahid S, Khan MZ, Gowda S, et al. Trends, predictors, and outcomes of cardiovascular complications associated with polycystic ovary syndrome during delivery hospitalizations: a national inpatient sample analysis (2002–2019). Journal of the American Heart Association. 2022;11(16):e025839.
Guarano A, Capozzi A, Cristodoro M, et al. Alpha Lipoic Acid Efficacy in PCOS Treatment: What Is the Truth? Nutrients. 2023;15(14):3209.
Alur-Gupta S, Boland MR, Barnhart KT, et al. Postpartum complications increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2021;224(3):280. e1-. e13.
Zhu T, Cui J, Goodarzi MO. Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Diabetes. 2021;70(2):627-37.
Ethirajulu A, Alkasabera A, Onyali CB, et al. Insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and its associated symptoms are the precipitating factors for depression in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Cureus. 2021;13(9).
Allen LA, Shrikrishnapalasuriyar N, Rees DA. Long‐term health outcomes in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a narrative review. Clinical Endocrinology. 2022;97(2):187-98.
Barber TM, Franks S. Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical endocrinology. 2021;95(4):531-41.
Zeng X, Xie Y-j, Liu Y-t, et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: Correlation between hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and obesity. Clinica chimica acta. 2020;502:214-21.
Tasali E, Chapotot F, Leproult R, et al. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea improves cardiometabolic function in young obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2011;96(2):365-74.
Kazemi M, Hadi A, Pierson RA, et al. Effects of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load on cardiometabolic and reproductive profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Advances in Nutrition. 2021;12(1):161-78.
Scannell N, Moran L, Mantzioris E, et al. Efficacy, feasibility and acceptability of a mediterranean diet intervention on hormonal, metabolic and anthropometric measures in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: study protocol. Metabolites. 2022;12(4):311.
Shahid R, Mahnoor, Awan KA, et al. Diet and lifestyle modifications for effective management of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Journal of food biochemistry. 2022;46(7):e14117.
Yang J, Liang J, Xu J, et al. The impact of dietary interventions on polycystic ovary syndrome patients with a BMI≥ 25 kg/m2: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Reproductive Medicine and Biology. 2024;23(1):e12607.
Shele G, Genkil J, Speelman D. A systematic review of the effects of exercise on hormones in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2020;5(2):35.
Parmar S-LK, Whooten R. Efficacy of physical activity in polycystic ovary syndrome treatment. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity. 2024;31(6):216-21.
Patten RK, Boyle RA, Moholdt T, et al. Exercise interventions in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in physiology. 2020;11:606.
Moran LJ, Tassone EC, Boyle J, et al. Evidence summaries and recommendations from the international evidence‐based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: lifestyle management. Obesity Reviews. 2020;21(10):e13046.
Cignarella A, Mioni R, Sabbadin C, et al. Pharmacological approaches to controlling cardiometabolic risk in women with PCOS. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;21(24):9554.
Kancherla H, Konduri G, Balaprabha R, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of PCOS- A Comparative Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 2022:107-13.
Szczesnowicz A, Szeliga A, Niwczyk O, et al. Do GLP-1 Analogs Have a Place in the Treatment of PCOS? New Insights and Promising Therapies. Journal of clinical medicine. 2023;12(18):5915.
Choudhury JY, Elora N, Akther H, et al. Evaluation and Treatment Strategies for Infertile Patients with Diagnosed Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Sch Int J Obstet Gynec. 2024;7(7):289-95.
Alesi S, Ee C, Moran LJ, et al. Nutritional supplements and complementary therapies in polycystic ovary syndrome. Advances in Nutrition. 2022;13(4):1243-66.
Banaszewska B, Pawelczyk L, Spaczynski R. Current and future aspects of several adjunctive treatment strategies in polycystic ovary syndrome. Reproductive biology. 2019;19(4):309-15.
Pages
59-84
Published
January 27, 2025
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