Küçükbaş Hayvanlarda Üretim Sistemleri
Synopsis
Hayvancılıkta üretim sistemi hayvancılık faaliyetinin temel başlangıç noktası olduğu gibi, sürdürülebilirlik açısından da kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Yalnızca hayvansal üretimin yapıldığı sistemler; işletmenin hiçbir arazi varlığı ve toprağı olmadan “topraksız olarak sadece hayvansal üretim yapan sistemler” ve tamamen “meraya bağlı sadece hayvansal üretim yapan sistemler” olarak tanımlanabilir. Karışık sistemler ise bitki ve hayvanın entegre edildiği sistemlerdir. Farklı üretim sistemlerinde başarılı bir biçimde üretim yapılan koyun ve keçilerde, üretim sistemleri ekstansif (yaygın) sistemden entansif (yoğun) sisteme doğru sınıflandırma yapılmıştır. Buna göre, ekstansif sistemler içerisinde, çobanlı ve çobansız, konargöçerlik, pastoral sistemler, yarı-ekstansif sitemler içerisinde yaylacılık, entansif sitemler içerisinde, meraya bağlı ve endüstriyel sistemler, yarı-entansif üretim sistemi ve organik üretim sistemler değerlendirilmiştir. Sistem seçiminde temel esas, mevcut doğal kaynakları (mera, toprak, su), bitkisel üretim artıklarını, fabrikasyon artıklarını en etkin ve ekonomik biçimde ürüne dönüştürebilecek hayvan özdeği ile bu hayvan özdeğine en uygun üretim sistemi seçilmelidir. Temelde çevre, teknik, sosyal ve ekonomik açıdan sürdürülebilirliği en iyi olan sistemin işletme için en iyisi olduğu söylenebilir.
References
Tölü C, Akbağ HI, Yurtman İY, vd. Türkiye’de organik hayvancılık: Felsefe ve uygulama. Hayvansal Üretim. 2020; 61(1): 73-81.
Steinfeld H, Maki-Hokkonen J. A classification of livestock production systems. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.2000.
Fraser MD, Vallin HE, Roberts BP. Animal board invited review: grassland based cattle farming and biodiversity. Animal. 2022: 16 (12), 100671. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100671. Dec.
Jiang X, Wang L. Grassland-based ruminant farming systems in China: Potential, challenges and a way forward. Animal Nutrition. 2022: 10(3), 243–248. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2022.04.007
Woo-Ming A, Arsi K, Moyle JR, et al. Meat quality characteristics of fast-growing broilers reared under different types of pasture management: Implications for organic and alternative production systems (Part II). Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 2018; 27: 215-222.doi: 10.3382/japr/ pfx060.
Devendra, C. Perspectives on animal production systems in Asia. Livestock Science. 2007: 106, 1-18.
Scialabba N.El-H. Managing Healthy Livestock Production and Consumption. 2022: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823019-0.00010-6.
Rotz A. Environmental Sustainability of Livestock Production. Meat and Muscle Biology. 2020: 4(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.22175/mmb.11103
Mekonnen M, Hoekstra AY. The green, blue and grey water footprint of animals and animal products. (Value of water research report 48; No. 48). 2010: Unesco-IHE Institute for Water Education. http://www.unesco-ihe.org/Value-of-Water-Research-Report-Series/Research-Papers
FAO. The state of food and agriculture, livestock in the balance. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome. 2009: https://www.fao.org/4/i0680e/i0680e.pdf.
Steinfeld H, Maki-Hakkonen J. A classification of livestock production systems. FAO, 2000: https://www.fao.org/4/v8180t/v8180T0y.htm#definition%20of%20systems
Bouwman AF, Van Der Hoek KW, Eickhout B, et al. Exploring changes in world ruminant production systems. Agricultural Systems, 2005: 84 (2), 121-153, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2004.05.006
Kilgour RJ, Waterhouse T, Dwyer CM, et al. Farming systems for sheep pro¬duction and their effect on welfare. In: Dwyer, C.M. (Ed.), The Welfare of Sheep. Springer, Nottingham, UK, 2008: pp. 213–265.
Silva SR, Sacarrão-Birrento L, Almeida M, et al. Extensive sheep and goat production: the role of novel technologies towards sustainability and animal welfare. Animals. 2022: 12, 885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12070885
Tölü C, Alatürk F, Parlak AO, et al. Behaviour of sheep freely grazed on Gökçeada Island (Turkey) rangeland reclaimed by different methods. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2017: 155(6), 993-1004.
Morris ST. 2- overview of sheep production systems. In: Ferguson DM, Lee C, Fisher A, editors. Advances in sheep welfare. Woodhead Publishing; 2017: p. 19-35.
Tölü C, Savaş T. An important genotype for sustainable extensive goat production systems of Turkey: The Gökçeada Goat. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology. 2021: 9(8): 1460-1466.
Daş G, Hakyemez BH, Savaş T. 2002. Gökçeada’da “yabani koşullarda” koyun ve keçi yetiştiriciliği. Ekin Dergisi. 2002: 22: 66-70.
Tölü, C, Savaş T. Çanakkale Koyun ve Keçi Yetiştiriciliği. Çanakkale’nin Stratejik Sektörü Tarım, Gaziantep: Özgür Eğitim Yayıncılık, 2023: p.199-216.
Bosdan K, Tölü C, Savaş T. Çanakkale Sakız ve Tahirova Koyun işletmelerinde verimli ömür, ayıklama oranı ve ayıklama nedenleri. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. 2023: 26(3): 680-691. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1106752
Ruiz M, Ruiz JP. 1986. Ecological history of transhumance in Spain. Biol. Conserv. 1986: 37: 73-86.
Daşkıran İ, Savaş T, Koyuncu M, et al. Goat production systems of Turkey: nomadic to industrial. Small Rumin. Res., 2018: 163,15–20.
Yalçın BC. Sheep and goats in Turkey. Animal Production and Health Paper. FAO No: 60, 1986: 186 pp.
Dahl G. Pastoralism in Anthropology. In International Encyclopedia of the Socialand Behavioral Sciences. 2001: 16: 11108-11111.
Smith MM, Bentrup G, Kellerman T, et al. Silvopasture in the USA: a systematic review of natural resource professional and producer-reported benefits, challenges, and management activities. Agriculture Ecosyst. Environ. 2022: 326 (March):107818. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2021.107818.
Tölü C, Yurtman İY, Baytekin H, et al. Foraging strategies of goats in a pasture of wheat and shrubland. Animal Production Science. 2012: 52 (12): 1069-1076.
Ball JP, Danell K, Sunesson P. Response of a herbivore community to ıncreased food quality and quantity: an experiment with nitrogen fertilizer in a boreal forest. J. Appl. Ecol. 2000: 37, 247-255.
Morand-Fehr P, Bourbouze A, Le Houerou HN, et al. The role of goats in the Mediterranean area. Livest. Prod. Sci. 1983: 10: 569-587.
Landau S, Vecht J, Perevolotsky A. Effects of two levels of concentrate supplementation on milk production of dairy goats browsing Mediterranean scrubland. Small Rumin. Res. 1983: 11: 227-237.
Escareño L, Salinas-Gonzalez H, Wurzinger M, et al. Dairy goat production systems. Trop Anim Health Prod, 2023: 45: 17–34 DOI 10.1007/s11250-012-0246-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0246-6
Tölü C, Yurtman İY, Savaş T. Gökçeada, Malta ve Türk Saanen keçi genotiplerinin süt verim özellikleri bakımından karşılaştırılması. Hayvansal Üretim. 2010; 51(1): 8-15.
Ertuğrul M, Dellal G, Soysal İ, vd. Türkiye yerli koyun irklarının korunması. Uludağ Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 2009; 23(2): 97-119.
Del Pozo M, Wright IA, Whyte TK. Diet selection by sheep and goats and sward composition changes in a ryegrass/white clover sward previously grazed by cattle, sheep or goats. Grass Forage Sci. 1997; 52: 278-290.
Tölü C, Akbağ HI, Yurtman İY, et al. A study on usable plants for annual winter pastures for goats. Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment. 2013; 11: 892-896.
Rojas-Downing MM, Nejadhashemi AP, Harrigan T, et al. Climate change and livestock: impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Clim. Risk Manag. 2017; 16, 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.02.001.
Lefrileux Y, Morand-Fehr P, Pommaret A. Capacity of High Milk Yielding Goats for Utilizing Cultivated Pasture. Small Rumin. Res. 2008; 77: 113-126.
Celaya R, Olivan M, Ferreira LMM, et al. comparison of grazing behaviour, dietary overlap and performance in non- lactating domestic ruminants grazing on marginal heathland areas. Livestock Science. 2007; 106: 271-281.
Animut G, Goetsch AL. Co-grazing of sheep and goats: benefits and constraints. Small Rumin. Res. 2008; 77: 127-145.
Fedele V, Pizzillo M, Claps S, et al. Grazing behavior and diet selection of goats on native pasture in Southern Italy. Small Rumin. Res. 1993; 11: 305-322.
Pollott GE, Gootwine E. Reproductive performance and milk production of Assaf sheep in an intensive management system. J. Dairy Sci. 2004; 87:3690–3703.
Redden R, Thorne JW, Reproductive management of sheep and goats. In Animal Agriculture; Sustainability, Challenges and Innovations; Fuller, W., Bazer, G., Lamb, C., Wu, G., Eds.; Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University: College Station, TX, USA, 2020; pp. 211–230.
Gawat M, Boland M, Singh J, et al. Goat meat: production and quality attributes. Foods. 2023; 12: 3130. https:// doi.org/10.3390/foods12163130
Tölü C, Savaş T, Yurtman İY. Türk Saanen keçilerinde canlı ağırlık ve değişimi üzerinde değerlendirmeler. Hayvansal Üretim. 2009; 50(1): 9-17.
Steinfeld H, Maki-Hokkonen J. A classification of livestock production systems. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.2000.
Fraser MD, Vallin HE, Roberts BP. Animal board invited review: grassland based cattle farming and biodiversity. Animal. 2022: 16 (12), 100671. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100671. Dec.
Jiang X, Wang L. Grassland-based ruminant farming systems in China: Potential, challenges and a way forward. Animal Nutrition. 2022: 10(3), 243–248. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2022.04.007
Woo-Ming A, Arsi K, Moyle JR, et al. Meat quality characteristics of fast-growing broilers reared under different types of pasture management: Implications for organic and alternative production systems (Part II). Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 2018; 27: 215-222.doi: 10.3382/japr/ pfx060.
Devendra, C. Perspectives on animal production systems in Asia. Livestock Science. 2007: 106, 1-18.
Scialabba N.El-H. Managing Healthy Livestock Production and Consumption. 2022: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823019-0.00010-6.
Rotz A. Environmental Sustainability of Livestock Production. Meat and Muscle Biology. 2020: 4(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.22175/mmb.11103
Mekonnen M, Hoekstra AY. The green, blue and grey water footprint of animals and animal products. (Value of water research report 48; No. 48). 2010: Unesco-IHE Institute for Water Education. http://www.unesco-ihe.org/Value-of-Water-Research-Report-Series/Research-Papers
FAO. The state of food and agriculture, livestock in the balance. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome. 2009: https://www.fao.org/4/i0680e/i0680e.pdf.
Steinfeld H, Maki-Hakkonen J. A classification of livestock production systems. FAO, 2000: https://www.fao.org/4/v8180t/v8180T0y.htm#definition%20of%20systems
Bouwman AF, Van Der Hoek KW, Eickhout B, et al. Exploring changes in world ruminant production systems. Agricultural Systems, 2005: 84 (2), 121-153, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2004.05.006
Kilgour RJ, Waterhouse T, Dwyer CM, et al. Farming systems for sheep pro¬duction and their effect on welfare. In: Dwyer, C.M. (Ed.), The Welfare of Sheep. Springer, Nottingham, UK, 2008: pp. 213–265.
Silva SR, Sacarrão-Birrento L, Almeida M, et al. Extensive sheep and goat production: the role of novel technologies towards sustainability and animal welfare. Animals. 2022: 12, 885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12070885
Tölü C, Alatürk F, Parlak AO, et al. Behaviour of sheep freely grazed on Gökçeada Island (Turkey) rangeland reclaimed by different methods. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2017: 155(6), 993-1004.
Morris ST. 2- overview of sheep production systems. In: Ferguson DM, Lee C, Fisher A, editors. Advances in sheep welfare. Woodhead Publishing; 2017: p. 19-35.
Tölü C, Savaş T. An important genotype for sustainable extensive goat production systems of Turkey: The Gökçeada Goat. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology. 2021: 9(8): 1460-1466.
Daş G, Hakyemez BH, Savaş T. 2002. Gökçeada’da “yabani koşullarda” koyun ve keçi yetiştiriciliği. Ekin Dergisi. 2002: 22: 66-70.
Tölü, C, Savaş T. Çanakkale Koyun ve Keçi Yetiştiriciliği. Çanakkale’nin Stratejik Sektörü Tarım, Gaziantep: Özgür Eğitim Yayıncılık, 2023: p.199-216.
Bosdan K, Tölü C, Savaş T. Çanakkale Sakız ve Tahirova Koyun işletmelerinde verimli ömür, ayıklama oranı ve ayıklama nedenleri. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. 2023: 26(3): 680-691. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1106752
Ruiz M, Ruiz JP. 1986. Ecological history of transhumance in Spain. Biol. Conserv. 1986: 37: 73-86.
Daşkıran İ, Savaş T, Koyuncu M, et al. Goat production systems of Turkey: nomadic to industrial. Small Rumin. Res., 2018: 163,15–20.
Yalçın BC. Sheep and goats in Turkey. Animal Production and Health Paper. FAO No: 60, 1986: 186 pp.
Dahl G. Pastoralism in Anthropology. In International Encyclopedia of the Socialand Behavioral Sciences. 2001: 16: 11108-11111.
Smith MM, Bentrup G, Kellerman T, et al. Silvopasture in the USA: a systematic review of natural resource professional and producer-reported benefits, challenges, and management activities. Agriculture Ecosyst. Environ. 2022: 326 (March):107818. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2021.107818.
Tölü C, Yurtman İY, Baytekin H, et al. Foraging strategies of goats in a pasture of wheat and shrubland. Animal Production Science. 2012: 52 (12): 1069-1076.
Ball JP, Danell K, Sunesson P. Response of a herbivore community to ıncreased food quality and quantity: an experiment with nitrogen fertilizer in a boreal forest. J. Appl. Ecol. 2000: 37, 247-255.
Morand-Fehr P, Bourbouze A, Le Houerou HN, et al. The role of goats in the Mediterranean area. Livest. Prod. Sci. 1983: 10: 569-587.
Landau S, Vecht J, Perevolotsky A. Effects of two levels of concentrate supplementation on milk production of dairy goats browsing Mediterranean scrubland. Small Rumin. Res. 1983: 11: 227-237.
Escareño L, Salinas-Gonzalez H, Wurzinger M, et al. Dairy goat production systems. Trop Anim Health Prod, 2023: 45: 17–34 DOI 10.1007/s11250-012-0246-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0246-6
Tölü C, Yurtman İY, Savaş T. Gökçeada, Malta ve Türk Saanen keçi genotiplerinin süt verim özellikleri bakımından karşılaştırılması. Hayvansal Üretim. 2010; 51(1): 8-15.
Ertuğrul M, Dellal G, Soysal İ, vd. Türkiye yerli koyun irklarının korunması. Uludağ Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 2009; 23(2): 97-119.
Del Pozo M, Wright IA, Whyte TK. Diet selection by sheep and goats and sward composition changes in a ryegrass/white clover sward previously grazed by cattle, sheep or goats. Grass Forage Sci. 1997; 52: 278-290.
Tölü C, Akbağ HI, Yurtman İY, et al. A study on usable plants for annual winter pastures for goats. Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment. 2013; 11: 892-896.
Rojas-Downing MM, Nejadhashemi AP, Harrigan T, et al. Climate change and livestock: impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Clim. Risk Manag. 2017; 16, 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.02.001.
Lefrileux Y, Morand-Fehr P, Pommaret A. Capacity of High Milk Yielding Goats for Utilizing Cultivated Pasture. Small Rumin. Res. 2008; 77: 113-126.
Celaya R, Olivan M, Ferreira LMM, et al. comparison of grazing behaviour, dietary overlap and performance in non- lactating domestic ruminants grazing on marginal heathland areas. Livestock Science. 2007; 106: 271-281.
Animut G, Goetsch AL. Co-grazing of sheep and goats: benefits and constraints. Small Rumin. Res. 2008; 77: 127-145.
Fedele V, Pizzillo M, Claps S, et al. Grazing behavior and diet selection of goats on native pasture in Southern Italy. Small Rumin. Res. 1993; 11: 305-322.
Pollott GE, Gootwine E. Reproductive performance and milk production of Assaf sheep in an intensive management system. J. Dairy Sci. 2004; 87:3690–3703.
Redden R, Thorne JW, Reproductive management of sheep and goats. In Animal Agriculture; Sustainability, Challenges and Innovations; Fuller, W., Bazer, G., Lamb, C., Wu, G., Eds.; Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University: College Station, TX, USA, 2020; pp. 211–230.
Gawat M, Boland M, Singh J, et al. Goat meat: production and quality attributes. Foods. 2023; 12: 3130. https:// doi.org/10.3390/foods12163130
Tölü C, Savaş T, Yurtman İY. Türk Saanen keçilerinde canlı ağırlık ve değişimi üzerinde değerlendirmeler. Hayvansal Üretim. 2009; 50(1): 9-17.
Volume
Pages
157-178
Published
January 22, 2025
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