Gebelikte Üriner Sistem Hastalıkları
Synopsis
Gebelikte üriner sistem patolojileri ile sık karşılaşılmaktadır. Bunların çoğu gebelik öncesinde bilinen veya bilinmeyip gebelik takipleri sırasında ortaya çıkan patolojilerdir. Tabiki gebelik süresince gebeliğe bağlı olarak da üriner sistem patolojileri de ortaya çıkmaktadır. Gebelikte çok sık üriner sistem enfeksiyonu gelişmekte olup bunların çoğu bakteriyel kaynaklıdır. Üriner sistem enfeksiyonlarının yanında üretrit, sistit, akut piyelonefrit gibi birçok patoloji de görülebilmektedir. Gebelikte enfeksiyonlar dışında nefrolitiyazis de gözlenebilmektedir. Gebelik sürecinde polikistik böbrek hastalığı, akut böbrek yetmezliği, renal glomerüler hastlalıklar, akut nefritik sendrom ve nefrotik sendrom gibi daha önce üriner sistem hastalığı olan durumlarda gebeliğin de etkisiyle artış gözlenebilmektedir.
Urinary system pathologies are commonly seen during pregnancy. Most of them are pathologies that are known or unknown before pregnancy and revealed during pregnancy follow-up. Naturally, pregnancy-related urinary system pathologies also occur during pregnancy. Urinary system infections develop very frequently during pregnancy and most of them are caused by bacterial. Besides urinary system infections, many pathologies such as urethritis, cystitis, acute pyelonephritis can also be observed. Except for urinary system infections, nephrolithiasis can also be observed during pregnancy. During pregnancy, conditions with previous urinary system diseases such as polycystic kidney disease, acute renal failure, renal glomerular diseases, acute nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome may increase with the effect of pregnancy.
References
Faúndes, A, Milton Brícola-Filho, and João C. Pinto e Silva. "Dilatation of the urinary tract during pregnancy: proposal of a curve of maximal caliceal diameter by gestational age." American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 178.5 (1998): 1082-108
Strevens, H., Wide-Swensson, D., Hansen, A., Horn, T., Ingemarsson, I., Larsen, S., ... & Olsen, S. (2003). Glomerular endotheliosis in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 110(9), 831-836.
3:Davison, J. M., & Dunlop, W. (1980). Renal hemodynamics and tubular function in normal human pregnancy. Kidney international, 18(2), 152-161.
Davidson J. Changes renal function and other and aspesct of homeostasis in early pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commony.1974:81:1003
Higby, K., Suiter, C. R., Phelps, J. Y., Siler-Khodr, T., & Langer, O. (1994). Normal values of urinary albumin and total protein excretion during pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 171(4), 984-989.
Johnson, E. B., Krambeck, A. E., White, W. M., Hyams, E., Beddies, J., Marien, T., ... & Pais, V. M. (2012). Obstetric complications of ureteroscopy during pregnancy. The Journal of urology, 188(1), 151-154.
Semins, M. J., Trock, B. J., & Matlaga, B. R. (2009). The safety of ureteroscopy during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of urology, 181(1), 139-143.
Putra, L. G. J., Minor, T. X., Bolton, D. M., Appu, S., Dowling, C. R., & Neerhut, G. J. (2009). Improved assessment of renal lesions in pregnancy with magnetic resonance imaging. Urology, 74(3), 535-539.
Foxman, B. (2010). The epidemiology of urinary tract infection. Nature Reviews Urology, 7(12), 653-660.
Scholes, D., Hooton, T. M., Roberts, P. L., Stapleton, A. E., Gupta, K., & Stamm, W. E. (2000). Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection in young women. The Journal of infectious diseases, 182(4), 1177-1182.
Leveno, K. J., Harris, R. E., Gilstrap, L. C., Whalley, P. J., & Cunningham, F. G. (1981). Bladder versus renal bacteriuria during pregnancy: recurrence after treatment. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 139(4), 403-406.
Lumbiganon, P., Villar, J., Laopaiboon, M., Widmer, M., Thinkhamrop, J., Carroli, G., ... & World Health Organization Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Trial Group. (2009). One-day compared with 7-day nitrofurantoin for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 113(2 Part 1), 339-345.
Schneeberger, C., Geerlings, S. E., Middleton, P., & Crowther, C. A. (2012). Interventions for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11).
LUCAS, M. J., & Cunningham, F. G. (1993). Urinary infection in pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 36(4), 855-868.
Fakhoury, G. F., Daikoku, N. H., & Parikh, A. R. (1994). Management of severe hemorrhagic cystitis in pregnancy. A report of two cases. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 39(6), 485-488.
Gilstrap III, L. C., & Ramin, S. M. (2001). Urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 28(3), 581-591.
17:Fihn, S. D. (2003). Acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 349(3), 259-266.
Plattner, M. S. (1994). Pyelonephritis in pregnancy. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 8(1), 20-27.
Smaill, F. (2007). Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Best practice & research Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 21(3), 439-450.
HILL, L. V., LUTHER, E. R., YOUNG, D., PEREIRA, L., & EMBIL, J. A. (1988). Prevalence of lower genital tract infections in pregnancy. Sexually transmitted diseases, 5-10.
Mittal, P., & Wing, D. A. (2005). Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Clinics in perinatology, 32(3), 749-764.
LUCAS, M. J., & Cunningham, F. G. (1993). Urinary infection in pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 36(4), 855-868.
Sanchez-Ramos, L., McAlpine, K. J., Adair, C. D., Kaunitz, A. M., Delke, I., & Briones, D. K. (1995). Pyelonephritis in pregnancy: once-a-day ceftriaxone versus multiple doses of cefazolin: a randomized, double-blind trial. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 172(1), 129-133.
Hill, J. B., Sheffield, J. S., McIntire, D. D., & Wendel Jr, G. D. (2005). Acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 105(1), 18-23.
Coe, F. L., Parks, J. H., & Asplin, J. R. (1992). The pathogenesis and treatment of kidney stones. New England Journal of Medicine, 327(16), 1141-1152.
Worcester, E. M., & Coe, F. L. (2010). Calcium kidney stones. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(10), 954-963.
Tan, Y. K., Cha, D. Y., & Gupta, M. (2013). Management of stones in abnormal situations. Urologic Clinics, 40(1), 79-97.
Butler, E. L., Cox, S. M., Eberts, E. G., & Cunningham, F. G. (2000). Symptomatic nephrolithiasis complicating pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 96(5), 753-756.
Lewis, D. F., Robichaux III, A. G., Jaekle, R. K., Marcum, N. G., & Stedman, C. M. (2003). Urolithiasis in pregnancy: diagnosis, management, and pregnancy outcome. Obstetrical & gynecological survey, 58(7), 446-447.
Asrat, T., & Nageotte, M. P. (1990, February). Renal failure in pregnancy. In Seminars in perinatology (Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 59-67).
McAleer, S. J., & Loughlin, K. R. (2004). Nephrolithiasis and pregnancy. Current Opinion in Urology, 14(2), 123-127.
Westphalen, A. C., Hsia, R. Y., Maselli, J. H., Wang, R., & Gonzales, R. (2011). Radiological imaging of patients with suspected urinary tract stones: national trends, diagnoses, and predictors. Academic Emergency Medicine, 18(7), 699-707.
Semins, M. J., & Matlaga, B. R. (2013). Management of urolithiasis in pregnancy. International Journal of Women's Health, 599-604.
Day, C., Hewins, P., Hildebrand, S., Sheikh, L., Taylor, G., Kilby, M., & Lipkin, G. (2008). The role of renal biopsy in women with kidney disease identified in pregnancy. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 23(1), 201-206.
Perl, J., & Bargman, J. M. (2009). The importance of residual kidney function for patients on dialysis: a critical review. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 53(6), 1068-1081.
Al-Rabadi, L., Ayalon, R., Bonegio, R. G., Ballard, J. E., Fujii, A. M., Henderson, J. M., ... & Beck Jr, L. H. (2016). Pregnancy in a patient with primary membranous nephropathy and circulating anti-PLA2R antibodies: a case report. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 67(5), 775-778.
Davison, J. M., & Lindheimer, M. D. (2011, January). Pregnancy and chronic kidney disease. In Seminars in nephrology (Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 86-99). WB Saunders.
Ferguson, M. A., & Waikar, S. S. (2012). Established and emerging markers of kidney function. Clinical chemistry, 58(4), 680-689.
Davison, J. (2007). Renal disease. Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 260-269.
Pertuiset, N., & Grünfeld, J. P. (1994). 6 Acute renal failure in pregnancy. Baillière's clinical obstetrics and gynaecology, 8(2), 333-351.
Grünfeld, J. P., & Pertuiset, N. (1987). Acute renal failure in pregnancy: 1987. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 9(4), 359-362.
Redmond, A., McDevitt, M., & Barnes, S. (2004). Acute renal failure: recognition and treatment in ward patients. Nursing standard, 18(22), 46-57.
Lindheimer, M. D., & Davison, J. M. (2007). Pregnancy and CKD: Any progress?. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 49(6), 729-731.
Fitzpatrick, A., Mohammadi, F., & Jesudason, S. (2016). Managing pregnancy in chronic kidney disease: improving outcomes for mother and baby. International journal of women's health, 273-285.
Holley, J. L., & Reddy, S. S. (2003, September). Pregnancy in dialysis patients: a review of outcomes, complications, and management. In Seminars in Dialysis (Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 384-388).
Piccoli, G. B., Minelli, F., Versino, E., Cabiddu, G., Attini, R., Vigotti, F. N., ... & Todros, T. (2016). Pregnancy in dialysis patients in the new millennium: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis correlating dialysis schedules and pregnancy outcomes. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 31(11), 1915-1934.
Sethi, S., & Fervenza, F. C. (2011, July). Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: pathogenetic heterogeneity and proposal for a new classification. In Seminars in nephrology (Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 341-348). WB Saunders.
Moxey-Mims, M. M., Flessner, M. F., Holzman, L., Kaskel, F., Sedor, J. R., Smoyer, W. E., ... & Yao, L. (2016). Glomerular diseases: registries and clinical trials. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN, 11(12), 2234.
Bazari, H., Guimaraes, A. R., & Kushner, Y. B. (2012). Case 20-2012: a 77-year-old man with leg edema, hematuria, and acute renal failure. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(26), 2503-2515.
Moxey-Mims, M. M., Flessner, M. F., Holzman, L., Kaskel, F., Sedor, J. R., Smoyer, W. E., ... & Yao, L. (2016). Glomerular diseases: registries and clinical trials. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN, 11(12), 2234.
Vasiliou, D. M., Maxwell, C., Shah, P., & Sermer, M. (2005). Goodpasture syndrome in a pregnant woman. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 106(5 Part 2), 1196-1199.
Bramham, K., Soh, M. C., & Nelson-Piercy, C. (2012). Pregnancy and renal outcomes in lupus nephritis: an update and guide to management. Lupus, 21(12), 1271-1283.
Liu, J., Zhao, Y., Song, Y., Zhang, W., Bian, X., Yang, J., ... & Zhang, F. (2012). Pregnancy in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective study of 111 pregnancies in Chinese women. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 25(3), 261-266.
Stratta, P., Canavese, C., & Quaglia, M. (2006). Pregnancy in patients with kidney disease. Journal of nephrology, 19(2), 135-143.
Jakobi, P., Friedman, M., Goldstein, I., Zaidise, I., & Itskovitz-Eldor, J. (1995). Massive vulvar edema in pregnancy. A case report. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 40(6), 479-481.
Stettler, R. W., & Cunningham, F. G. (1992). Natural history of chronic proteinuria complicating pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 167(5), 1219-1224.
Sadan, O., Berar, M., Sagiv, R., Dreval, D., Gewurtz, G., Korczak, D., ... & Bernstein, D. (1994). Ureteric stent in severe hydronephrosis of pregnancy. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 56(2), 79-81.
Eckford, S. D., & Gingell, J. C. (1991). Ureteric obstruction in pregnancy—diagnosis and management. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 98(11), 1137-1140.
Briggs, J. D. (2001). Causes of death after renal transplantation. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 16(8), 1545-1549.
Carpenter, C. B. (1995). Long-term failure of renal transplants: adding insult to injury. Kidney International Supplement, (50).
Brosens, I., Brosens, J. J., & Benagiano, G. (2014). The risk of obstetrical syndromes after solid organ transplantation. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 28(8), 1211-1221.
Bramham, K. (2017, July). Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients and donors. In Seminars in Nephrology (Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 370-377). WB Saunders.
Katz, A. I., Davison, J. M., Hayslett, J. P., Singson, E., & Lindheimer, M. D. (1980). Pregnancy in women with kidney disease. Kidney international, 18(2), 192-206.
Rocha, A., Cardoso, A., Malheiro, J., Martins, L. S., Fonseca, I., Braga, J., & Henriques, A. C. (2013, April). Pregnancy after kidney transplantation: graft, mother, and newborn complications. In Transplantation Proceedings (Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 1088-1091). Elsevier.
Josephson, M. A., & McKay, D. B. (2011, January). Pregnancy and kidney transplantation. In Seminars in Nephrology (Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 100-110). WB Saunders.
Strevens, H., Wide-Swensson, D., Hansen, A., Horn, T., Ingemarsson, I., Larsen, S., ... & Olsen, S. (2003). Glomerular endotheliosis in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 110(9), 831-836.
3:Davison, J. M., & Dunlop, W. (1980). Renal hemodynamics and tubular function in normal human pregnancy. Kidney international, 18(2), 152-161.
Davidson J. Changes renal function and other and aspesct of homeostasis in early pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commony.1974:81:1003
Higby, K., Suiter, C. R., Phelps, J. Y., Siler-Khodr, T., & Langer, O. (1994). Normal values of urinary albumin and total protein excretion during pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 171(4), 984-989.
Johnson, E. B., Krambeck, A. E., White, W. M., Hyams, E., Beddies, J., Marien, T., ... & Pais, V. M. (2012). Obstetric complications of ureteroscopy during pregnancy. The Journal of urology, 188(1), 151-154.
Semins, M. J., Trock, B. J., & Matlaga, B. R. (2009). The safety of ureteroscopy during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of urology, 181(1), 139-143.
Putra, L. G. J., Minor, T. X., Bolton, D. M., Appu, S., Dowling, C. R., & Neerhut, G. J. (2009). Improved assessment of renal lesions in pregnancy with magnetic resonance imaging. Urology, 74(3), 535-539.
Foxman, B. (2010). The epidemiology of urinary tract infection. Nature Reviews Urology, 7(12), 653-660.
Scholes, D., Hooton, T. M., Roberts, P. L., Stapleton, A. E., Gupta, K., & Stamm, W. E. (2000). Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection in young women. The Journal of infectious diseases, 182(4), 1177-1182.
Leveno, K. J., Harris, R. E., Gilstrap, L. C., Whalley, P. J., & Cunningham, F. G. (1981). Bladder versus renal bacteriuria during pregnancy: recurrence after treatment. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 139(4), 403-406.
Lumbiganon, P., Villar, J., Laopaiboon, M., Widmer, M., Thinkhamrop, J., Carroli, G., ... & World Health Organization Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Trial Group. (2009). One-day compared with 7-day nitrofurantoin for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 113(2 Part 1), 339-345.
Schneeberger, C., Geerlings, S. E., Middleton, P., & Crowther, C. A. (2012). Interventions for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11).
LUCAS, M. J., & Cunningham, F. G. (1993). Urinary infection in pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 36(4), 855-868.
Fakhoury, G. F., Daikoku, N. H., & Parikh, A. R. (1994). Management of severe hemorrhagic cystitis in pregnancy. A report of two cases. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 39(6), 485-488.
Gilstrap III, L. C., & Ramin, S. M. (2001). Urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 28(3), 581-591.
17:Fihn, S. D. (2003). Acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 349(3), 259-266.
Plattner, M. S. (1994). Pyelonephritis in pregnancy. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 8(1), 20-27.
Smaill, F. (2007). Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Best practice & research Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 21(3), 439-450.
HILL, L. V., LUTHER, E. R., YOUNG, D., PEREIRA, L., & EMBIL, J. A. (1988). Prevalence of lower genital tract infections in pregnancy. Sexually transmitted diseases, 5-10.
Mittal, P., & Wing, D. A. (2005). Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Clinics in perinatology, 32(3), 749-764.
LUCAS, M. J., & Cunningham, F. G. (1993). Urinary infection in pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 36(4), 855-868.
Sanchez-Ramos, L., McAlpine, K. J., Adair, C. D., Kaunitz, A. M., Delke, I., & Briones, D. K. (1995). Pyelonephritis in pregnancy: once-a-day ceftriaxone versus multiple doses of cefazolin: a randomized, double-blind trial. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 172(1), 129-133.
Hill, J. B., Sheffield, J. S., McIntire, D. D., & Wendel Jr, G. D. (2005). Acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 105(1), 18-23.
Coe, F. L., Parks, J. H., & Asplin, J. R. (1992). The pathogenesis and treatment of kidney stones. New England Journal of Medicine, 327(16), 1141-1152.
Worcester, E. M., & Coe, F. L. (2010). Calcium kidney stones. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(10), 954-963.
Tan, Y. K., Cha, D. Y., & Gupta, M. (2013). Management of stones in abnormal situations. Urologic Clinics, 40(1), 79-97.
Butler, E. L., Cox, S. M., Eberts, E. G., & Cunningham, F. G. (2000). Symptomatic nephrolithiasis complicating pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 96(5), 753-756.
Lewis, D. F., Robichaux III, A. G., Jaekle, R. K., Marcum, N. G., & Stedman, C. M. (2003). Urolithiasis in pregnancy: diagnosis, management, and pregnancy outcome. Obstetrical & gynecological survey, 58(7), 446-447.
Asrat, T., & Nageotte, M. P. (1990, February). Renal failure in pregnancy. In Seminars in perinatology (Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 59-67).
McAleer, S. J., & Loughlin, K. R. (2004). Nephrolithiasis and pregnancy. Current Opinion in Urology, 14(2), 123-127.
Westphalen, A. C., Hsia, R. Y., Maselli, J. H., Wang, R., & Gonzales, R. (2011). Radiological imaging of patients with suspected urinary tract stones: national trends, diagnoses, and predictors. Academic Emergency Medicine, 18(7), 699-707.
Semins, M. J., & Matlaga, B. R. (2013). Management of urolithiasis in pregnancy. International Journal of Women's Health, 599-604.
Day, C., Hewins, P., Hildebrand, S., Sheikh, L., Taylor, G., Kilby, M., & Lipkin, G. (2008). The role of renal biopsy in women with kidney disease identified in pregnancy. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 23(1), 201-206.
Perl, J., & Bargman, J. M. (2009). The importance of residual kidney function for patients on dialysis: a critical review. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 53(6), 1068-1081.
Al-Rabadi, L., Ayalon, R., Bonegio, R. G., Ballard, J. E., Fujii, A. M., Henderson, J. M., ... & Beck Jr, L. H. (2016). Pregnancy in a patient with primary membranous nephropathy and circulating anti-PLA2R antibodies: a case report. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 67(5), 775-778.
Davison, J. M., & Lindheimer, M. D. (2011, January). Pregnancy and chronic kidney disease. In Seminars in nephrology (Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 86-99). WB Saunders.
Ferguson, M. A., & Waikar, S. S. (2012). Established and emerging markers of kidney function. Clinical chemistry, 58(4), 680-689.
Davison, J. (2007). Renal disease. Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 260-269.
Pertuiset, N., & Grünfeld, J. P. (1994). 6 Acute renal failure in pregnancy. Baillière's clinical obstetrics and gynaecology, 8(2), 333-351.
Grünfeld, J. P., & Pertuiset, N. (1987). Acute renal failure in pregnancy: 1987. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 9(4), 359-362.
Redmond, A., McDevitt, M., & Barnes, S. (2004). Acute renal failure: recognition and treatment in ward patients. Nursing standard, 18(22), 46-57.
Lindheimer, M. D., & Davison, J. M. (2007). Pregnancy and CKD: Any progress?. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 49(6), 729-731.
Fitzpatrick, A., Mohammadi, F., & Jesudason, S. (2016). Managing pregnancy in chronic kidney disease: improving outcomes for mother and baby. International journal of women's health, 273-285.
Holley, J. L., & Reddy, S. S. (2003, September). Pregnancy in dialysis patients: a review of outcomes, complications, and management. In Seminars in Dialysis (Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 384-388).
Piccoli, G. B., Minelli, F., Versino, E., Cabiddu, G., Attini, R., Vigotti, F. N., ... & Todros, T. (2016). Pregnancy in dialysis patients in the new millennium: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis correlating dialysis schedules and pregnancy outcomes. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 31(11), 1915-1934.
Sethi, S., & Fervenza, F. C. (2011, July). Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: pathogenetic heterogeneity and proposal for a new classification. In Seminars in nephrology (Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 341-348). WB Saunders.
Moxey-Mims, M. M., Flessner, M. F., Holzman, L., Kaskel, F., Sedor, J. R., Smoyer, W. E., ... & Yao, L. (2016). Glomerular diseases: registries and clinical trials. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN, 11(12), 2234.
Bazari, H., Guimaraes, A. R., & Kushner, Y. B. (2012). Case 20-2012: a 77-year-old man with leg edema, hematuria, and acute renal failure. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(26), 2503-2515.
Moxey-Mims, M. M., Flessner, M. F., Holzman, L., Kaskel, F., Sedor, J. R., Smoyer, W. E., ... & Yao, L. (2016). Glomerular diseases: registries and clinical trials. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN, 11(12), 2234.
Vasiliou, D. M., Maxwell, C., Shah, P., & Sermer, M. (2005). Goodpasture syndrome in a pregnant woman. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 106(5 Part 2), 1196-1199.
Bramham, K., Soh, M. C., & Nelson-Piercy, C. (2012). Pregnancy and renal outcomes in lupus nephritis: an update and guide to management. Lupus, 21(12), 1271-1283.
Liu, J., Zhao, Y., Song, Y., Zhang, W., Bian, X., Yang, J., ... & Zhang, F. (2012). Pregnancy in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective study of 111 pregnancies in Chinese women. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 25(3), 261-266.
Stratta, P., Canavese, C., & Quaglia, M. (2006). Pregnancy in patients with kidney disease. Journal of nephrology, 19(2), 135-143.
Jakobi, P., Friedman, M., Goldstein, I., Zaidise, I., & Itskovitz-Eldor, J. (1995). Massive vulvar edema in pregnancy. A case report. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 40(6), 479-481.
Stettler, R. W., & Cunningham, F. G. (1992). Natural history of chronic proteinuria complicating pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 167(5), 1219-1224.
Sadan, O., Berar, M., Sagiv, R., Dreval, D., Gewurtz, G., Korczak, D., ... & Bernstein, D. (1994). Ureteric stent in severe hydronephrosis of pregnancy. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 56(2), 79-81.
Eckford, S. D., & Gingell, J. C. (1991). Ureteric obstruction in pregnancy—diagnosis and management. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 98(11), 1137-1140.
Briggs, J. D. (2001). Causes of death after renal transplantation. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 16(8), 1545-1549.
Carpenter, C. B. (1995). Long-term failure of renal transplants: adding insult to injury. Kidney International Supplement, (50).
Brosens, I., Brosens, J. J., & Benagiano, G. (2014). The risk of obstetrical syndromes after solid organ transplantation. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 28(8), 1211-1221.
Bramham, K. (2017, July). Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients and donors. In Seminars in Nephrology (Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 370-377). WB Saunders.
Katz, A. I., Davison, J. M., Hayslett, J. P., Singson, E., & Lindheimer, M. D. (1980). Pregnancy in women with kidney disease. Kidney international, 18(2), 192-206.
Rocha, A., Cardoso, A., Malheiro, J., Martins, L. S., Fonseca, I., Braga, J., & Henriques, A. C. (2013, April). Pregnancy after kidney transplantation: graft, mother, and newborn complications. In Transplantation Proceedings (Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 1088-1091). Elsevier.
Josephson, M. A., & McKay, D. B. (2011, January). Pregnancy and kidney transplantation. In Seminars in Nephrology (Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 100-110). WB Saunders.
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Şafak İ. Gebelikte Üriner Sistem Hastalıkları. In: Demir SC, editor. Güncel Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Çalışmaları VII (Bahar) [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2024 [cited 2026 Jul. 13]. pp. 11-24. Available from: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/3066/chapter/13402
