Tularemi
Synopsis
"Tularemi", Francisella tularensis’in neden olduğu zoonotik bir hastalıktır. Ana rezervuarlar tavşanlar, kemirgenler ve kenelerdir, insanlara genellikle bu hayvanlar veya kontamine sularla temas yoluyla bulaşır. Çeşitli klinik formları vardır: ülseroglandüler, glandüler, oküloglandüler, orofarengeal, pnömonik ve tifoidal. Enfeksiyon, dünya çapında, özellikle Kuzey Amerika, Avrupa ve Asya'da yaygındır. Türkiye’de zaman zaman salgınlara yol açmıştır. Tularemi tedavisinde aminoglikozidler, tetrasiklinler ve florokinolonlar etkilidir. Profilaksi açısından, zoonotik ve vektör kaynaklı maruziyetin minimizasyonu, böcek ısırıklarına karşı koruyucu önlemlerin alınması ve kontamine su kaynaklarının dezenfeksiyonu önem arz eder.
Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis. The disease is usually contracted through contact with infected animals or contaminated water. The main reservoirs of the disease are rabbits, rodents, and ticks. Tularemia has several clinical forms, including ulceroglandular, glandular, oculoglandular, oropharyngeal, pneumonic, and typhoidal. The disease is widespread globally, particularly in North America, Europe, and Asia. Tularemia has occasionally caused outbreaks in Turkey. Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones have been found to be effective in treating tularemia. To prevent infection, it is important to minimize exposure to zoonotic and vector-borne sources, take protective measures against insect bites, and disinfect contaminated water sources.
References
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Golovliov I, Bäckman S, Granberg M, et al. Long-Term Survival of Virulent Tularemia Pathogens outside a Host in Conditions That Mimic Natural Aquatic Environments. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2021;87(6):e02713-20.
Kilic S, Yesilyurt M. Tularemia: A General Overview on Current Treatment Options. Klimik Derg.2011;24(1):2-10.
Adams DA, Thomas KR, Jajosky RA, Foster L, Baroi G, Sharp P, vd. Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions — United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;64(53):1-143.
Nakazawa Y, Williams R, Peterson AT, Mead P, Staples E, Gage KL. Climate Change Effects on Plague and Tularemia in the United States. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007;7(4):529-40.
Ramos JM, Pérez-Tanoira R, Martín-Martín I, Prieto-Pérez L, Tefasmariam A, Tiziano G, vd. Arthropod-Borne Bacteria Cause Nonmalarial Fever in Rural Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study in 394 Patients. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2019;19(11):815-20.
İstanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Tıp Dergisi [İnternet] Bozdağ H, Özekinci T. Tularemia in Diyarbakır Province and its Surroundings: A Rarely Known Disease. [erişim 4 Şubat 2024] http://cms.galenos.com.tr/Uploads/Article_47857/%C4%B0KSSTD-12-52-En.pdf
Gurcan S. Epidemiology of Tularemia. Balk Med J.2014;33(1):3-10
Zoonotik ve Vektörel Hastalıklar Dairesi Başkanlığı. Tularemi İstatistik Verileri [İnternet]. Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü [erişim 14 Şubat 2024]. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/zoonotikvektorel-tularemi/istatistik.
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Gotschlich E, Berkin T. 1936 yılında Trakya’da Tularemiye ait yapılan epidemiyolojik ve bakteriyolojik araştırmalar. Türk Hij Tec Biol Der 1938;1:115—23.
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Ozdemir D, Sencan I, Annakkaya AN, Karadenizli A, Guclu E, Sert E, et al. Comparison of the 2000 and 2005 outbreaks of tularemia in the Duzce region of Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis 2007;60:51-2.
Leblebicioglu H, Esen S, Turan D, Tanyeri Y, Karadenizli A, Ziyagil F, et al. Outbreak of tularemia: a case-control study and environmental investigation in Turkey. Int J Infect Dis 2008; 12:265-9.
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Hennebique A, Caspar Y, Maurin M, Boisset S, Pelloux I, Gallego-Hernanz MP, vd. Ulceroglandular Infection and Bacteremia Caused by Francisella salimarina in Immunocompromised Patient, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):465-7.
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Wherry WB, Lamb BH. Infection of man with “Bacterium tularense”. J Infect Dis 1914; 15:331-40.
Golovliov I, Bäckman S, Granberg M, et al. Long-Term Survival of Virulent Tularemia Pathogens outside a Host in Conditions That Mimic Natural Aquatic Environments. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2021;87(6):e02713-20.
Kilic S, Yesilyurt M. Tularemia: A General Overview on Current Treatment Options. Klimik Derg.2011;24(1):2-10.
Adams DA, Thomas KR, Jajosky RA, Foster L, Baroi G, Sharp P, vd. Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions — United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;64(53):1-143.
Nakazawa Y, Williams R, Peterson AT, Mead P, Staples E, Gage KL. Climate Change Effects on Plague and Tularemia in the United States. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007;7(4):529-40.
Ramos JM, Pérez-Tanoira R, Martín-Martín I, Prieto-Pérez L, Tefasmariam A, Tiziano G, vd. Arthropod-Borne Bacteria Cause Nonmalarial Fever in Rural Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study in 394 Patients. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2019;19(11):815-20.
İstanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Tıp Dergisi [İnternet] Bozdağ H, Özekinci T. Tularemia in Diyarbakır Province and its Surroundings: A Rarely Known Disease. [erişim 4 Şubat 2024] http://cms.galenos.com.tr/Uploads/Article_47857/%C4%B0KSSTD-12-52-En.pdf
Gurcan S. Epidemiology of Tularemia. Balk Med J.2014;33(1):3-10
Zoonotik ve Vektörel Hastalıklar Dairesi Başkanlığı. Tularemi İstatistik Verileri [İnternet]. Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü [erişim 14 Şubat 2024]. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/zoonotikvektorel-tularemi/istatistik.
Kılıçturgay K, Gökırmak F, Gedikoğlu S ve ark. Bursa’da tularemi epidemisi. İnfeksiyon Derg 1989; 3: 149-56.
Gotschlich E, Berkin T. 1936 yılında Trakya’da Tularemiye ait yapılan epidemiyolojik ve bakteriyolojik araştırmalar. Türk Hij Tec Biol Der 1938;1:115—23.
Gurcan S, Eskiocak M, Varol G, Uzun C, Tatman-Otkun M, Sakru N, et al. Tularemia re-emerging in European part of Turkey after 60 years. Jpn J Infect Dis 2006;59:391—3.
Akalın H, Helvacı S, Gedikoğlu S. Re-emergence of tularemia in Turkey. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13(5):547-51.
Ozdemir D, Sencan I, Annakkaya AN, Karadenizli A, Guclu E, Sert E, et al. Comparison of the 2000 and 2005 outbreaks of tularemia in the Duzce region of Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis 2007;60:51-2.
Leblebicioglu H, Esen S, Turan D, Tanyeri Y, Karadenizli A, Ziyagil F, et al. Outbreak of tularemia: a case-control study and environmental investigation in Turkey. Int J Infect Dis 2008; 12:265-9.
Yukarı BA, Umur S¸.. Burdur yöresindeki sığır, koyun ve keçilerde kene (Ixodidea) türlerinin yayılışları. Turkish J Vet Anim Sci 2002;26:1263—70.
Çalışır B, Polat E, Yücel A. Silivri ilçesinin bazı bölgelerindeki bir kısım evcil hayvanlardan toplanan kenelerin tu¨r ayrımının yapılması ve Ixodes ricinus’larda Borrelia burgdorferi’nin araştırılması. Turkish J Parasitol 1997;21:379—82.
Kugeler KJ, Mead PS, McGowan KL, Burnham JM, Hogarty MD, Ruchelli E, vd. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Francisella sp. from Human Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46(7):2428-31.
Dietrich EA, Kingry LC, Kugeler KJ, Levy C, Yaglom H, Young JW, vd. Francisella opportunistica sp. nov., isolated from human blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020;70(2):1145-51.
Hennebique A, Caspar Y, Maurin M, Boisset S, Pelloux I, Gallego-Hernanz MP, vd. Ulceroglandular Infection and Bacteremia Caused by Francisella salimarina in Immunocompromised Patient, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):465-7.
Qu PH, Li Y, Salam N, Chen SY, Liu L, Gu Q, Fang BZ, Xiao M, Li M, Chen C, Li WJ. Allofrancisella inopinata gen. nov., sp. nov. and Allofrancisella frigidaquae sp. nov., isolated from water-cooling systems, and transfer of Francisella guangzhouensis Qu et al. 2013 to the new genus as Allofrancisella guangzhouensis comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2016;66(11):4832-4838. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001437. Epub 2016 Aug 19. PMID: 27543089.
Kugeler KJ, Mead PS, Janusz AM, Staples JE, Kubota KA, Chalcraft LG, vd. Molecular Epidemiology of Francisella tularensis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am.2009;48(7):863-70.
Johansson A, Lärkeryd A, Widerström M, Mörtberg S, Myrtännäs K, Ohrman C, vd. An outbreak of respiratory tularemia caused by diverse clones of Francisella tularensis. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am.2014;59(11):1546-53.
Dietrich EA, Peterson JM. Francisella. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 12th ed, Jorgensen J, Pfaller M, Carroll K, et al , American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington DC 2019.
Sjöstedt AB. Francisella. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd ed, Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT (Eds), Springer-Verlag, New York 2005. Vol 2, p.200.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [internet]. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 6th ed: Section IV—Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria. [erişim 10 Şubat 2024] https://www.cdc.gov/labs/pdf/SF__19_308133-A_BMBL6_00-BOOK-WEB-final-3.pdf .
American Society for Microbiology [internet].Sentinel level clinical laboratory guidelines for suspected agents of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases: Francisella tularensis. Revised March 2016. [erişim 12 Şubat 2024] https://asm.org/ASM/media/Policy-and-Advocacy/LRN/Sentinel%20Files/tularemia.pdf.
Carter KK, Peterson EM, Voermans RL, Anderson KS, Cox T, Kassem AM, vd. Notes from the Field: Veillonella Misidentified as Francisella tularensis -Idaho, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(21):564-5.
Zhang E, Lu H, Liu Q, Tang Z, Li D, Jiang L, vd. Paenibacillus assamensis in Joint Fluid of Man with Suspected Tularemia, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(8):1589-91.
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119-140
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April 29, 2024
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Agüloğlu Bali E. Tularemi. In: Dal T, editor. Mikrobiyolojide Güncel Konular V (Bahar) [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2024 [cited 2026 Jul. 13]. pp. 119-40. Available from: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/3058/chapter/13586
