The Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities of Natural-Based Compounds Targeting Gout
Synopsis
This chapter starts with an overview of the chapter and then delves into the causes of gout and its treatment. The main treatment for gout is to inhibit xanthine oxidase activity by allopurinole. Given the risk factors associated with using allopathic medications to treat this illness, the discussion has evolved into a unique problem. In this context, the focus of this chapter is to introduce advances in research on natural products for anti-gout treatment. This chapter will assist in the analysis of active anti-gout ingredients while also providing guidance for further development and research of anti-gout drugs. Worldwide, the prevalence of hyperuricemia is increasing as a result of rising living standards and altered dietary habits. Elevated levels of uric acid can lead to conditions like gout and kidney stones, which call for prompt medical attention. Research on active ingredients (extracts) or monomer compounds derived from natural products has grown significantly in importance. Natural products are favored in scientific research due to their unique structure, low toxicity, and variety of biological activities. Consequently, the purpose of this chapter is to present the essential advancements in the use of natural products for the treatment of gout that have occurred recently, as well as to identify anti-HUA plants, their metabolites, and the structure-activity relationship with XOD. As a result, it is obvious that more detailed and advanced studies are needed for the development of anti-gout drugs in the future.
References
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Cicero AFG, Fogacci F, Cincione RI, Tocci G, Borghi C. Clinical Effects of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors in Hyperuricemic Patients. Vol. 30, Medical Principles and Practice. 2021. p. 122–30.
Agrawal N, Arya M, Kushwah P. Therapeutic voyage of synthetic and natural xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Vol. 102, Chemical Biology and Drug Design. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2023. p. 1293–307.
Abhishek A, Courtney P, Jenkins W, Sandoval-Plata G, Jones AC, Zhang W, et al. Brief Report: Monosodium Urate Monohydrate Crystal Deposits Are Common in Asymptomatic Sons of Patients With Gout: The Sons of Gout Study. Arthritis and Rheumatology. 2018 Nov 1;70(11):1847–52.
Zhuang S, Yun H, Zhou X, Li Y, Li S, Liu C, et al. Screening, isolation, and activity evaluation of potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors in Poria Cum Radix Pini and mechanism of action in the treatment of gout disease. J Sep Sci. 2023 Jan 1;
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Gao J, Liu X, Zhang B, Mao Q, Zhang Z, Zou Q, et al. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-alkyl- 5/ 6-( 5-oxo- 4,5- dihydro- 1,2,4- oxadiazol- 3- yl)- 1H- indole- 3- carbonitriles as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. 2020;190.
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Verma S, Singh SP. Current and future status of herbal medicines. Vol. 1, Veterinary World. 2008. p. 347–50.
Mehmood A, Ishaq M, Zhao L, Safdar B, Rehman A ur, Munir M, et al. Natural compounds with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity: A review. Vol. 93, Chemical Biology and Drug Design. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019. p. 387–418.
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Mehmood A, Ishaq M, Zhao L, Safdar B, Rehman A ur, Munir M, et al. Natural compounds with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity: A review. Vol. 93, Chemical Biology and Drug Design. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019. p. 387–418.
Zhou S, Huang G. The Inhibitory Activity of Natural Products to Xanthine Oxidase. Vol. 20, Chemistry and Biodiversity. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2023.
Hüzmeli C, Güllü M, Candan F. Gouty Arthritis and Kidneys.pdf. Turk J Nephrol; 2019. p. 293–302.
Zhou S, Huang G. The Inhibitory Activity of Natural Products to Xanthine Oxidase. Vol. 20, Chemistry and Biodiversity. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2023.
Hüzmeli C, Güllü M, Candan F. Gouty Arthritis and Kidneys.pdf. Turk J Nephrol; 2019. p. 293–302.
Zhuang S, Yun H, Zhou X, Li Y, Li S, Liu C, et al. Screening, isolation, and activity evaluation of potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors in Poria Cum Radix Pini and mechanism of action in the treatment of gout disease. J Sep Sci. 2023 Jan 1;
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Zhang T, Liu L, Chen Q, Wang Y, Gao X, Ma X, et al. Comparative Assessment of In Vitro Xanthine Oxidase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Cultured Cambial Meristematic Cells, Adventitious Roots, and Field-Cultivated Ginseng. Nutrients. 2024 Feb 1;16(3).
Mehmood A, Ishaq M, Zhao L, Safdar B, Rehman A ur, Munir M, et al. Natural compounds with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity: A review. Vol. 93, Chemical Biology and Drug Design. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019. p. 387–418.
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Bortolotti M, Polito L, Battelli MG, Bolognesi A. Xanthine oxidoreductase: One enzyme for multiple physiological tasks. Vol. 41, Redox Biology. Elsevier B.V.; 2021.
Berry CE, Hare JM. Xanthine oxidoreductase and cardiovascular disease: molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological implications. J Physiol. 2004;589–606.
Gebrauchsgegens D, Schardinger F. Untersuchung der HaSrungs- und Genussmittel ,. Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel . 1902;(22):1114–21.
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Giulia Battelli M, Polito L, Bortolotti M, Bolognesi A. Xanthine Oxidoreductase in Drug Metabolism: Beyond a Role as a Detoxifying Enzyme. Curr Med Chem. 2016;23(35):4027–36.
Battelli MG, Bolognesi A, Letizia Polito. Pathophysiologyofcirculatingxanthineoxidoreductase:Newemerging rolesforamulti-taskingenzyme. BiochimicaetBiophysicaActa. 2014;1842:1502–1517.
Mamat N, Azdina Jamal J, Jantan I, Husain K. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activities of Some Primulaceae Species (Aktiviti Perencatan Xantina Oksidase dan Hapus-sisa Radikal DPPH oleh Beberapa Spesies Primulaceae). Vol. 43, Sains Malaysiana. 2014.
DeVallance ER, Schmidt HM, Seman M, Lewis SE, Wood KC, Vickers SD, et al. Hemin and iron increase synthesis and trigger export of xanthine oxidoreductase from hepatocytes to the circulation. Redox Biol. 2023 Nov 1;67:102866.
Kijkogw E, Beice A, &yurtb E, Tepeler Z. Xanthine oxidase levels in human brain tumors. Vol. 50, Cancer Letters. 1990.
Battelli MG, Bortolotti M, Bolognesi A, Polito L. Pro-aging effects of xanthine oxidoreductase products. Vol. 9, Antioxidants. MDPI; 2020. p. 1–16.
Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C. Therapeutic Effects of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors: Renaissance Half a Century after the Discovery of Allopurinol [Internet]. 2006. Available from: http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1988/elion-lecture.pdf
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ANDREW J. GHIO, KENNEDY TP, STONEHUERNER J, CARTER JD, SKINNER KA, PARKS DA, et al. Iron regulates xanthine oxidase activity in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung CellMol Physiol; 2002. p. 563–572.
Maciejczyk M, Nesterowicz M, Zalewska A, Biedrzycki G, Gerreth P, Hojan K, et al. Salivary Xanthine Oxidase as a Potential Biomarker in Stroke Diagnostics. Front Immunol. 2022 May 6;13.
Zhou S, Huang G. The Inhibitory Activity of Natural Products to Xanthine Oxidase. Vol. 20, Chemistry and Biodiversity. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2023.
Abu-Gharbieh E, Shehab NG, Almasri IM, Bustanji Y. Antihyperuricemic and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of Tribulus arabicus and its isolated compound, ursolic acid: In vitro and in vivo investigation and docking simulations. PLoS One. 2019 Jul 1;13(8).
Meneshian A BGB. The physiology of endothelial xanthine oxidase: from urate catabolism to reperfusion injury to inflammatory signal transduction. . Microcirculation. 2002;9:161–75.
Nutmakul T. A review on benefits of quercetin in hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis. Vol. 30, Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. Elsevier B.V.; 2022. p. 918–26.
Bezerra LFG, Silva APSA da, Cunha RX da, Oliveira JRS de, Barros MD de, Silva VM de MA da, et al. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Mimosa acutistipula (Mart.) Benth. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023 Mar 1;303:115964.
Orhan IE, Deniz FSS. Natural Products and Extracts as Xantine Oxidase Inhibitors - A Hope for Gout Disease? Curr Pharm Des. 2021 Jan;27(2):143–58.
Ashiq K, Hussain K, Islam M, Shehzadi N, Ali E, Ashiq S. Medicinal plants of Pakistan and their xanthine oxidase inhibition activity to treat gout: a systematic review. Turk J Botany. 2021;45(SI-2):723–38.
Shaheen B, Naureen S, Anwar K, Malik T, Ishaq N, Batool S. Effect of Mimosa Himalayana Extract on Xanthine Oxidase Activity in Vitro. 2020;14(1):185–8. Available from: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=
Singh SP, Kumar S, Mathan S V, Singh Tomar M, Rishi &, Singh K, et al. Therapeutic application of Carica papaya leaf extract in the management of human diseases. 2020; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-020-00348-7
Azmi SMN, Jamal, Amid P. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity from potential Malaysian medicinal plant as remedies for gout. Vol. 19, International Food Research Journal. 2012.
Rahmi EP, Kumolosasi E, Jalil J, Husain K, Buang F, Abd. Razak AF, et al. Anti-hyperuricemic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Marantodes pumilum as Potential Treatment for Gout. Front Pharmacol. 2020 Mar 17;11.
Rehman S, Choe K, Yoo H. Review on a Traditional Herbal Medicine, Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali): Its Traditional Uses, Chemistry, Evidence-Based Pharmacology and Toxicology. Molecules. 2016 Mar 10;21(3):331.
Liu Y, Lai L, Ju Y, Liu C, Meng D. Chemical constituents and synergistic anti-gout studies on Eurycoma longifolia and potential mechanisms evaluation based on systemic analysis approach. Bioorg Chem. 2019 Nov 1;92:103302.
Meng P, Wang Y, Huang Y, Liu T, Ma M, Han J, et al. A strategy to boost xanthine oxidase and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activities of peptides via molecular docking and module substitution. Food Chem. 2024 Jun 1;442.
Wan H, Wei Q, Ji Q, Lan H, Dai X, Chen W, et al. The karyotype, genome survey, and assembly of Mud artemisia (Artemisia selengensis). Mol Biol Rep. 2021 Aug 23;48(8):5897–904.
Xiang L, Huang Y, Li R, Tao Y, Wu T, Pan S, et al. Artemisia selengensis Turcz. leaves extract ameliorates hyperuricemia in mice by inhibiting hepatic xanthine oxidase activity, modulating renal uric acid transporters, and improving metabolic disorders. Food Biosci. 2023 Dec 1;56:102639.
Cao W, Wu T, Liang F, Fang Y, Cheng Y, Pan S, et al. Protective effects of di‐caffeoylquinic acids from Artemisia selengensis Turcz leaves against monosodium urate‐induced inflammation via the modulation of NLRP3 inflammasome and Nrf2 signaling pathway in THP‐1 macrophages. J Food Biochem. 2022 Sep 27;46(9).
Meng D li, Xu L huan, Chen C, Yan D, Fang Z ze, Cao Y feng. A new resource of hepatic protectant, nor-oleanane triterpenoid saponins from the fruit of Stauntonia brachyanthera. J Funct Foods. 2015 Jun 1;16:28–39.
Selim NM, Melk MM, Melek FR, Saleh DO, Sobeh M, El-Hawary SS. Phytochemical profiling and anti-fibrotic activities of Plumbago indica L. and Plumbago auriculata Lam. in thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Sci Rep. 2022 Jun 14;12(1):9864.
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Mahrous R, Fathy HM, Ibrahim RS. Metabolic bioprofiling for discovering xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Glycyrrhiza glabra root solvents fractions using orthogonal separation modalities coupled with chemometry. South African Journal of Botany. 2023 Mar 1;154:251–9.
Cicero AFG, Fogacci F, Cincione RI, Tocci G, Borghi C. Clinical Effects of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors in Hyperuricemic Patients. Vol. 30, Medical Principles and Practice. 2021. p. 122–30.
Agrawal N, Arya M, Kushwah P. Therapeutic voyage of synthetic and natural xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Vol. 102, Chemical Biology and Drug Design. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2023. p. 1293–307.
Abhishek A, Courtney P, Jenkins W, Sandoval-Plata G, Jones AC, Zhang W, et al. Brief Report: Monosodium Urate Monohydrate Crystal Deposits Are Common in Asymptomatic Sons of Patients With Gout: The Sons of Gout Study. Arthritis and Rheumatology. 2018 Nov 1;70(11):1847–52.
Zhuang S, Yun H, Zhou X, Li Y, Li S, Liu C, et al. Screening, isolation, and activity evaluation of potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors in Poria Cum Radix Pini and mechanism of action in the treatment of gout disease. J Sep Sci. 2023 Jan 1;
Li Y, Lai P, Chen J, Shen H, Tang B, Wu L, et al. Extraction optimization of polyphenols, antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities from Prunus salicina Lindl. Food Science and Technology (Brazil). 2016;36(3):520–5.
Gao J, Liu X, Zhang B, Mao Q, Zhang Z, Zou Q, et al. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-alkyl- 5/ 6-( 5-oxo- 4,5- dihydro- 1,2,4- oxadiazol- 3- yl)- 1H- indole- 3- carbonitriles as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. 2020;190.
Joshi G, Sharma M, Kalra S, Gavande NS, Singh S, Kumar, et al. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation of 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole carbaldehydes as non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Tracing the anticancer mechanism via xanthine oxidase inhibition. Bioorg Chem [Internet]. 2021; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104620
Verma S, Singh SP. Current and future status of herbal medicines. Vol. 1, Veterinary World. 2008. p. 347–50.
Mehmood A, Ishaq M, Zhao L, Safdar B, Rehman A ur, Munir M, et al. Natural compounds with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity: A review. Vol. 93, Chemical Biology and Drug Design. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019. p. 387–418.
Smith E, Hoy D, Cross M, Merriman TR, Vos T, Buchbinder R, et al. The global burden of gout: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis [Internet]. 2014 Aug 1;73(8):1470. Available from: http://ard.bmj.com/content/73/8/1470.abstract
Mehmood A, Ishaq M, Zhao L, Safdar B, Rehman A ur, Munir M, et al. Natural compounds with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity: A review. Vol. 93, Chemical Biology and Drug Design. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019. p. 387–418.
Zhou S, Huang G. The Inhibitory Activity of Natural Products to Xanthine Oxidase. Vol. 20, Chemistry and Biodiversity. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2023.
Hüzmeli C, Güllü M, Candan F. Gouty Arthritis and Kidneys.pdf. Turk J Nephrol; 2019. p. 293–302.
Zhou S, Huang G. The Inhibitory Activity of Natural Products to Xanthine Oxidase. Vol. 20, Chemistry and Biodiversity. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2023.
Hüzmeli C, Güllü M, Candan F. Gouty Arthritis and Kidneys.pdf. Turk J Nephrol; 2019. p. 293–302.
Zhuang S, Yun H, Zhou X, Li Y, Li S, Liu C, et al. Screening, isolation, and activity evaluation of potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors in Poria Cum Radix Pini and mechanism of action in the treatment of gout disease. J Sep Sci. 2023 Jan 1;
Mehmood A, Ishaq M, Zhao L, Safdar B, Rehman A ur, Munir M, et al. Natural compounds with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity: A review. Vol. 93, Chemical Biology and Drug Design. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019. p. 387–418.
Zhang T, Liu L, Chen Q, Wang Y, Gao X, Ma X, et al. Comparative Assessment of In Vitro Xanthine Oxidase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Cultured Cambial Meristematic Cells, Adventitious Roots, and Field-Cultivated Ginseng. Nutrients. 2024 Feb 1;16(3).
Mehmood A, Ishaq M, Zhao L, Safdar B, Rehman A ur, Munir M, et al. Natural compounds with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity: A review. Vol. 93, Chemical Biology and Drug Design. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019. p. 387–418.
Neogi T, George J, Rekhraj S, Struthers AD, Choi H, Terkeltaub RA. Are either or both hyperuricemia and xanthine oxidase directly toxic to the vasculature? A critical appraisal. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Feb 27;64(2):327–38.
Bortolotti M, Polito L, Battelli MG, Bolognesi A. Xanthine oxidoreductase: One enzyme for multiple physiological tasks. Vol. 41, Redox Biology. Elsevier B.V.; 2021.
Berry CE, Hare JM. Xanthine oxidoreductase and cardiovascular disease: molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological implications. J Physiol. 2004;589–606.
Gebrauchsgegens D, Schardinger F. Untersuchung der HaSrungs- und Genussmittel ,. Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel . 1902;(22):1114–21.
Singh A, Singh K, Sharma A, Kaur K, Chadha R, Singh Bedi PM. Past, present and future of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: design strategies, structural and pharmacological insights, patents and clinical trials. Vol. 14, RSC Medicinal Chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2023. p. 2155–91.
Cheng-Hua Wang, Zhang C, Xin-Hui Xing. Xanthine dehydrogenase: An old enzyme with new knowledge and prospects. Bioengineered [Internet]. 2016;7(6):395–405. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2016.1206168
Chen C, Lü JM, Qizhi Yao. Cen2016-Hyperuricemia-Related Diseases and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors.pdf. Medicinal Science Monitor [Internet]. 2016;22:2501–12. Available from: http://www.medscimonit.com/abstract/index/idArt/899852
Kanbay M, Jensen T, Solak Y, Le M, Roncal-Jimenez C, Rivard C, et al. Uric acid in metabolic syndrome: From an innocent bystander to a central player. Vol. 29, European Journal of Internal Medicine. Elsevier B.V.; 2016. p. 3–8.
Giulia Battelli M, Polito L, Bortolotti M, Bolognesi A. Xanthine Oxidoreductase in Drug Metabolism: Beyond a Role as a Detoxifying Enzyme. Curr Med Chem. 2016;23(35):4027–36.
Battelli MG, Bolognesi A, Letizia Polito. Pathophysiologyofcirculatingxanthineoxidoreductase:Newemerging rolesforamulti-taskingenzyme. BiochimicaetBiophysicaActa. 2014;1842:1502–1517.
Mamat N, Azdina Jamal J, Jantan I, Husain K. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activities of Some Primulaceae Species (Aktiviti Perencatan Xantina Oksidase dan Hapus-sisa Radikal DPPH oleh Beberapa Spesies Primulaceae). Vol. 43, Sains Malaysiana. 2014.
DeVallance ER, Schmidt HM, Seman M, Lewis SE, Wood KC, Vickers SD, et al. Hemin and iron increase synthesis and trigger export of xanthine oxidoreductase from hepatocytes to the circulation. Redox Biol. 2023 Nov 1;67:102866.
Kijkogw E, Beice A, &yurtb E, Tepeler Z. Xanthine oxidase levels in human brain tumors. Vol. 50, Cancer Letters. 1990.
Battelli MG, Bortolotti M, Bolognesi A, Polito L. Pro-aging effects of xanthine oxidoreductase products. Vol. 9, Antioxidants. MDPI; 2020. p. 1–16.
Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C. Therapeutic Effects of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors: Renaissance Half a Century after the Discovery of Allopurinol [Internet]. 2006. Available from: http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1988/elion-lecture.pdf
Hooper DC, Spitsin S, Kean RB, Champion JM, Dickson GM, Chaudhry I, et al. Uric acid, a natural scavenger of peroxynitrite, in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Vol. 95, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998. p. 675–80.
ANDREW J. GHIO, KENNEDY TP, STONEHUERNER J, CARTER JD, SKINNER KA, PARKS DA, et al. Iron regulates xanthine oxidase activity in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung CellMol Physiol; 2002. p. 563–572.
Maciejczyk M, Nesterowicz M, Zalewska A, Biedrzycki G, Gerreth P, Hojan K, et al. Salivary Xanthine Oxidase as a Potential Biomarker in Stroke Diagnostics. Front Immunol. 2022 May 6;13.
Zhou S, Huang G. The Inhibitory Activity of Natural Products to Xanthine Oxidase. Vol. 20, Chemistry and Biodiversity. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2023.
Abu-Gharbieh E, Shehab NG, Almasri IM, Bustanji Y. Antihyperuricemic and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of Tribulus arabicus and its isolated compound, ursolic acid: In vitro and in vivo investigation and docking simulations. PLoS One. 2019 Jul 1;13(8).
Meneshian A BGB. The physiology of endothelial xanthine oxidase: from urate catabolism to reperfusion injury to inflammatory signal transduction. . Microcirculation. 2002;9:161–75.
Nutmakul T. A review on benefits of quercetin in hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis. Vol. 30, Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. Elsevier B.V.; 2022. p. 918–26.
Bezerra LFG, Silva APSA da, Cunha RX da, Oliveira JRS de, Barros MD de, Silva VM de MA da, et al. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Mimosa acutistipula (Mart.) Benth. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023 Mar 1;303:115964.
Orhan IE, Deniz FSS. Natural Products and Extracts as Xantine Oxidase Inhibitors - A Hope for Gout Disease? Curr Pharm Des. 2021 Jan;27(2):143–58.
Ashiq K, Hussain K, Islam M, Shehzadi N, Ali E, Ashiq S. Medicinal plants of Pakistan and their xanthine oxidase inhibition activity to treat gout: a systematic review. Turk J Botany. 2021;45(SI-2):723–38.
Shaheen B, Naureen S, Anwar K, Malik T, Ishaq N, Batool S. Effect of Mimosa Himalayana Extract on Xanthine Oxidase Activity in Vitro. 2020;14(1):185–8. Available from: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=
Singh SP, Kumar S, Mathan S V, Singh Tomar M, Rishi &, Singh K, et al. Therapeutic application of Carica papaya leaf extract in the management of human diseases. 2020; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-020-00348-7
Azmi SMN, Jamal, Amid P. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity from potential Malaysian medicinal plant as remedies for gout. Vol. 19, International Food Research Journal. 2012.
Rahmi EP, Kumolosasi E, Jalil J, Husain K, Buang F, Abd. Razak AF, et al. Anti-hyperuricemic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Marantodes pumilum as Potential Treatment for Gout. Front Pharmacol. 2020 Mar 17;11.
Rehman S, Choe K, Yoo H. Review on a Traditional Herbal Medicine, Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali): Its Traditional Uses, Chemistry, Evidence-Based Pharmacology and Toxicology. Molecules. 2016 Mar 10;21(3):331.
Liu Y, Lai L, Ju Y, Liu C, Meng D. Chemical constituents and synergistic anti-gout studies on Eurycoma longifolia and potential mechanisms evaluation based on systemic analysis approach. Bioorg Chem. 2019 Nov 1;92:103302.
Meng P, Wang Y, Huang Y, Liu T, Ma M, Han J, et al. A strategy to boost xanthine oxidase and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activities of peptides via molecular docking and module substitution. Food Chem. 2024 Jun 1;442.
Wan H, Wei Q, Ji Q, Lan H, Dai X, Chen W, et al. The karyotype, genome survey, and assembly of Mud artemisia (Artemisia selengensis). Mol Biol Rep. 2021 Aug 23;48(8):5897–904.
Xiang L, Huang Y, Li R, Tao Y, Wu T, Pan S, et al. Artemisia selengensis Turcz. leaves extract ameliorates hyperuricemia in mice by inhibiting hepatic xanthine oxidase activity, modulating renal uric acid transporters, and improving metabolic disorders. Food Biosci. 2023 Dec 1;56:102639.
Cao W, Wu T, Liang F, Fang Y, Cheng Y, Pan S, et al. Protective effects of di‐caffeoylquinic acids from Artemisia selengensis Turcz leaves against monosodium urate‐induced inflammation via the modulation of NLRP3 inflammasome and Nrf2 signaling pathway in THP‐1 macrophages. J Food Biochem. 2022 Sep 27;46(9).
Meng D li, Xu L huan, Chen C, Yan D, Fang Z ze, Cao Y feng. A new resource of hepatic protectant, nor-oleanane triterpenoid saponins from the fruit of Stauntonia brachyanthera. J Funct Foods. 2015 Jun 1;16:28–39.
Selim NM, Melk MM, Melek FR, Saleh DO, Sobeh M, El-Hawary SS. Phytochemical profiling and anti-fibrotic activities of Plumbago indica L. and Plumbago auriculata Lam. in thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Sci Rep. 2022 Jun 14;12(1):9864.
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Pages
35-52
Published
April 16, 2024
Copyright (c) 2024 Academician Publishing Book Portal
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1.
Dedeoğlu N. The Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities of Natural-Based Compounds Targeting Gout. In: Yamalı C, editor. Current Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences II-2024 [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2024 [cited 2026 Jul. 13]. pp. 35-52. Available from: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/3054/chapter/13718
