Edinilmiş Laringeal Anomaliler
Synopsis
Edinilmiş subglottik stenoz (E-SGS) entübasyonla ilişkili lezyonlardan birini temsil eder. Laringotrakeal stenoz (LTS) terimi glottik bileşeni daha iyi yansıttığından bu terim kullanılmalıdır(1). Tüm edinilmiş LTS' ların yüzde doksanı entübasyon sonrası yaralanmalardan kaynaklanır (2-5). Bebek larinkslerinin uzun süreli entübasyonuna karşı iyi toleransı krikoid çerçevesi kıkırdak halkanın yumuşak ve esnek olmasıyla ilişkilendirilir. Bunun nedeni hücresel matrisinin yüksek sıvı içeriğidir (6). Diğer nadir sebep iyatrojenik komplikasyonlar (7-10), iyi huylu tümörler (11-13), penetran veya künt travmalar (13, 14), kostik veya termal yaralanmalar (15-18), kronik inflamatuar bozukluklar (19, 20) ve idiyopatik nedenlerdir (21, 22). İlk tercih edilen tedavi trakeal rezeksiyon ve uç uca anastomozdur.
Acquired subglottic stenosis (E-SGS) represents one of the lesions associated with intubation. The term laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) should be used because it better reflects the glottic component(1). Ninety percent of all acquired LTSs result from post-intubation injuries (2-5). The good tolerance of infant larynx to prolonged intubation is associated with the soft and flexible cricoid framework of the cartilage ring. This is due to the high fluid content of its cellular matrix (6). Other rare causes are iatrogenic complications (7-10), benign tumors (11-13), penetrating or blunt traumas (13, 14), caustic or thermal injuries (15-18), chronic inflammatory disorders (19, 20), and idiopathic are the reasons (21, 22). The first-choice treatment is tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis.
References
Albert DI, Graham JM, Scadding, J.K., Bull, P.D. (eds.). Post-intubation laryngotracheal stenosis. Pediatric ENT, Springer. 2008:224.
Cotton RT, Evans JN. Laryngotracheal reconstruction in children: five-year follow-up. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1981;90(5):516-20.
Fearon B. Subglottic stenosis in infants and children: the clinical problem and experimental surgical correction. Can J Otolaryngol. 1972;1:281-9.
Holinger PH, Kutnick SL, Schild JA, Holinger LD. Subglottic stenosis in infants and children. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1976;85(5):591-9.
Shah RK, Lander L, Choi SS, Zalzal GH. Resource utilization in the management of subglottic stenosis. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2008;138(2):232-41.
Hawkins DB. Hyaline membrane disease of the neonate prolonged intubation in management: effects on the larynx. The Laryngoscope. 1978;88(2):201-24.
Crockett DM, McCabe BF, Shive CJ. Complications of laser surgery for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1987;96(6):639-44.
Healy GB, Strong MS, Shapshay S, Vaughan C, Jako G. Complications of CO2 laser surgery of the aerodigestive tract: experience of 4416 cases. Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery. 1984;92(1):13-8.
Meyers A. Complications of CO2 laser surgery of the larynx. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1981;90(2):132-4.
Rinne J, Grahne B, Sovijärvi AR. Laryngeal stenosis following papillomatosis—A report of three severe cases. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1983;5:309-16.
Healy GB. Neoplasia of the pediatric larynx. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1984;17(1):69-74.
Ward RFIF, M.P., (ed.). Neoplasia of the pediatric larynx. . The Larynx, . (1996):pp. 171–7.
Cooper A, Barlow B, Niemirska M, Gandhi R. Fifteen years' experience with penetrating trauma to the head and neck in children. Journal of pediatric surgery. 1987;22(1):24-7.
Ford HR, Gardner MJ, Lynch JM. Laryngotracheal disruption from blunt pediatric neck injuries: impact of early recognition and intervention on outcome. Journal of pediatric surgery. 1995;30(2):331-5.
Einav S, Braverman I, Avital A, Yatsiv I, Rothschild M. Airway burns and atelectasis in an adolescent following aspiration of molten wax. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 2000;109(7):687-9.
Rafeey M, Shoaran M. Clinical characteristics and complications in oral caustic ingestion in children. Pak J Biol Sci. 2008;11(19):2351-5.
Riffat F, Cheng A. Pediatric caustic ingestion: 50 consecutive cases and a review of the literature. Diseases of the Esophagus. 2009;22(1):89-94.
Rosen D, Avishai‐Eliner S, Borenstein A, Leviav A, Tabachnik E. Life‐threatening laryngeal burns in toddlers following hot liquid aspiration. Acta Pædiatrica. 2000;89(8):1018-20.
Cohen SR, King KK, Landing BH, Isaacs H. Wegener's granulomatosis causing laryngeal and tracheobronchial obstruction in an adolescent girl. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1978;87(5_suppl):15-9.
Lebovics RS, Hoffman GS, Leavitt RY, Kerr GS, Hallahan C, Rottem M, et al. The management of subglottic stenosis in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. The Laryngoscope. 1992;102(12):1341-5.
Bodart E, Remacle M, Lawson G, Mayné A, Vandenbossche P. Idiopathic subglottic stenosis in a nine‐year‐old boy: diagnosis and management. Pediatric pulmonology. 1998;25(2):136-8.
Modgil G, Havas T, Mellis C. Idiopathic subglottic stenosis and the relationship to menses in a 12‐year‐old girl. Journal of paediatrics and child health. 2005;41(7):374-6.
Whited RE. A prospective study of laryngotracheal sequelae in long‐term intubation. The Laryngoscope. 1984;94(3):367-77.
Gaynor EB, Greenberg SB. Untoward sequelae of prolonged intubation. The Laryngoscope. 1985;95(12):1461-7.
Sasaki CT, Horiuchi M, Koss N. Tracheostomy‐related subglottic stenosis: bacteriologic pathogenesis. The Laryngoscope. 1979;89(6):857-65.
Benjamin B, Holinger LD. Laryngeal complications of endotracheal intubation. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 2008;117(9_suppl):2-20.
Benjamin B. Prolonged intubation injuries of the larynx: endoscopic diagnosis, classification, and treatment. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1993;102(4_suppl):1-16.
Adriaansen F, Verwoerd-Verhoef H, Van Der Heul R, Verwoerd C. Differential effects of endolaryngeal trauma upon the growth of the subglottis. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 1988;15(2):163-71.
George M, Jaquet Y, Ikonomidis C, Monnier P. Management of severe pediatric subglottic stenosis with glottic involvement. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2010;139(2):411-7.
Dankle SK, Schuller DE, McClead RE. Risk factors for neonatal acquired subglottic stenosis. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1986;95(6):626-30.
Sherman JM, Lowitt S, Stephenson C, Ironson G. Factors influencing acquired subgottic stenosis in infants. The Journal of pediatrics. 1986;109(2):322-7.
Pereira KD, Smith SL, Henry M. Failed extubation in the neonatal intensive care unit. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 2007;71(11):1763-6.
Cotton RT, Seid AB. Management of the extubation problem in the premature child: anterior cricoid split as an alternative to tracheotomy. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1980;89(6):508-11.
Silver FM, Myer III CM, Cotton RT. Anterior cricoid split update 1991. American journal of otolaryngology. 1991;12(6):343-6.
Cotton RT, Myer CM. Practical pediatric otolaryngology. (No Title). 1999.
Adriaansen F, Verwoerd-Verhoef H, Van der Heul R, Verwoerd C. Morphometric study of the growth of the subglottis after interruption of the circular structure of the cricoid. ORL. 1988;50(1):54-66.
Babyak JW, Passamani PP, Sullivan MJ. The anterior cricoid split in puppies. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 1987;13(2):191-204.
Holinger LD, Stankiewicz JA, Livingston GL. Anterior cricoid split: the Chicago experience with an alternative to tracheotomy. The Laryngoscope. 1987;97(1):19-24.
Monnier P. Airway stenting with the LT-Mold™: experience in 30 pediatric cases. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 2007;71(9):1351-9.
LINDHOLM CE. Prolonged endotracheal intubation. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1969;13:1-80.
Weiss M, Dullenkopf A, Gerber A. Der Microcuff Pädiatrietubus: Ein neuer Endotrachealtubus mit Hochvolumen-Niederdruck-Cuff für Kinder. Der Anaesthesist. 2004;53:73-9.
Weber TR, Connors RH, Tracy Jr TF. Acquired tracheal stenosis in infants and children. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1991;102(1):29-35.
Lim LH, Cotton RT, Azizkhan RG, Wood RE, Cohen AP, Rutter MJ. Complications of metallic stents in the pediatric airway. Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery. 2004;131(4):355-61.
MacRae D, Rae R, Heeneman H. Pediatric tracheotomy. The Journal of otolaryngology. 1984;13(5):309-11.
Benjamin B, Curley JW. Infant tracheotomy—endoscopy and decannulation. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 1990;20(2):113-21.
Myer III CM, O'Connor DM, Cotton RT. Proposed grading system for subglottic stenosis based on endotracheal tube sizes. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1994;103(4):319-23.
V. McCaffrey T. Classification of laryngotracheal stenosis. The Laryngoscope. 1992;102(12):1335-40.
Bacon JL, Patterson CM, Madden BP. Indications and interventional options for non-resectable tracheal stenosis. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2014;6(3):258.
Brichet A, Verkindre C, Dupont J, Carlier M, Darras J, Wurtz A, et al. Multidisciplinary approach to management of postintubation tracheal stenoses. European Respiratory Journal. 1999;13(4):888-93.
Foccoli P, Scappaticci E, Rea F, Revello F, Bezzi M, Cavaliere S. Management of post-intubation and/or tracheotomy tracheal stenoses. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease. 2011;75(1).
Rahman NA, Fruchter O, Shitrit D, Fox BD, Kramer MR. Flexible bronchoscopic management of benign tracheal stenosis: long term follow-up of 115 patients. Journal of cardiothoracic surgery. 2010;5:1-5.
Cotton RT, Evans JN. Laryngotracheal reconstruction in children: five-year follow-up. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1981;90(5):516-20.
Fearon B. Subglottic stenosis in infants and children: the clinical problem and experimental surgical correction. Can J Otolaryngol. 1972;1:281-9.
Holinger PH, Kutnick SL, Schild JA, Holinger LD. Subglottic stenosis in infants and children. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1976;85(5):591-9.
Shah RK, Lander L, Choi SS, Zalzal GH. Resource utilization in the management of subglottic stenosis. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2008;138(2):232-41.
Hawkins DB. Hyaline membrane disease of the neonate prolonged intubation in management: effects on the larynx. The Laryngoscope. 1978;88(2):201-24.
Crockett DM, McCabe BF, Shive CJ. Complications of laser surgery for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1987;96(6):639-44.
Healy GB, Strong MS, Shapshay S, Vaughan C, Jako G. Complications of CO2 laser surgery of the aerodigestive tract: experience of 4416 cases. Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery. 1984;92(1):13-8.
Meyers A. Complications of CO2 laser surgery of the larynx. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1981;90(2):132-4.
Rinne J, Grahne B, Sovijärvi AR. Laryngeal stenosis following papillomatosis—A report of three severe cases. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1983;5:309-16.
Healy GB. Neoplasia of the pediatric larynx. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1984;17(1):69-74.
Ward RFIF, M.P., (ed.). Neoplasia of the pediatric larynx. . The Larynx, . (1996):pp. 171–7.
Cooper A, Barlow B, Niemirska M, Gandhi R. Fifteen years' experience with penetrating trauma to the head and neck in children. Journal of pediatric surgery. 1987;22(1):24-7.
Ford HR, Gardner MJ, Lynch JM. Laryngotracheal disruption from blunt pediatric neck injuries: impact of early recognition and intervention on outcome. Journal of pediatric surgery. 1995;30(2):331-5.
Einav S, Braverman I, Avital A, Yatsiv I, Rothschild M. Airway burns and atelectasis in an adolescent following aspiration of molten wax. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 2000;109(7):687-9.
Rafeey M, Shoaran M. Clinical characteristics and complications in oral caustic ingestion in children. Pak J Biol Sci. 2008;11(19):2351-5.
Riffat F, Cheng A. Pediatric caustic ingestion: 50 consecutive cases and a review of the literature. Diseases of the Esophagus. 2009;22(1):89-94.
Rosen D, Avishai‐Eliner S, Borenstein A, Leviav A, Tabachnik E. Life‐threatening laryngeal burns in toddlers following hot liquid aspiration. Acta Pædiatrica. 2000;89(8):1018-20.
Cohen SR, King KK, Landing BH, Isaacs H. Wegener's granulomatosis causing laryngeal and tracheobronchial obstruction in an adolescent girl. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1978;87(5_suppl):15-9.
Lebovics RS, Hoffman GS, Leavitt RY, Kerr GS, Hallahan C, Rottem M, et al. The management of subglottic stenosis in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. The Laryngoscope. 1992;102(12):1341-5.
Bodart E, Remacle M, Lawson G, Mayné A, Vandenbossche P. Idiopathic subglottic stenosis in a nine‐year‐old boy: diagnosis and management. Pediatric pulmonology. 1998;25(2):136-8.
Modgil G, Havas T, Mellis C. Idiopathic subglottic stenosis and the relationship to menses in a 12‐year‐old girl. Journal of paediatrics and child health. 2005;41(7):374-6.
Whited RE. A prospective study of laryngotracheal sequelae in long‐term intubation. The Laryngoscope. 1984;94(3):367-77.
Gaynor EB, Greenberg SB. Untoward sequelae of prolonged intubation. The Laryngoscope. 1985;95(12):1461-7.
Sasaki CT, Horiuchi M, Koss N. Tracheostomy‐related subglottic stenosis: bacteriologic pathogenesis. The Laryngoscope. 1979;89(6):857-65.
Benjamin B, Holinger LD. Laryngeal complications of endotracheal intubation. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 2008;117(9_suppl):2-20.
Benjamin B. Prolonged intubation injuries of the larynx: endoscopic diagnosis, classification, and treatment. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1993;102(4_suppl):1-16.
Adriaansen F, Verwoerd-Verhoef H, Van Der Heul R, Verwoerd C. Differential effects of endolaryngeal trauma upon the growth of the subglottis. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 1988;15(2):163-71.
George M, Jaquet Y, Ikonomidis C, Monnier P. Management of severe pediatric subglottic stenosis with glottic involvement. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2010;139(2):411-7.
Dankle SK, Schuller DE, McClead RE. Risk factors for neonatal acquired subglottic stenosis. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1986;95(6):626-30.
Sherman JM, Lowitt S, Stephenson C, Ironson G. Factors influencing acquired subgottic stenosis in infants. The Journal of pediatrics. 1986;109(2):322-7.
Pereira KD, Smith SL, Henry M. Failed extubation in the neonatal intensive care unit. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 2007;71(11):1763-6.
Cotton RT, Seid AB. Management of the extubation problem in the premature child: anterior cricoid split as an alternative to tracheotomy. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1980;89(6):508-11.
Silver FM, Myer III CM, Cotton RT. Anterior cricoid split update 1991. American journal of otolaryngology. 1991;12(6):343-6.
Cotton RT, Myer CM. Practical pediatric otolaryngology. (No Title). 1999.
Adriaansen F, Verwoerd-Verhoef H, Van der Heul R, Verwoerd C. Morphometric study of the growth of the subglottis after interruption of the circular structure of the cricoid. ORL. 1988;50(1):54-66.
Babyak JW, Passamani PP, Sullivan MJ. The anterior cricoid split in puppies. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 1987;13(2):191-204.
Holinger LD, Stankiewicz JA, Livingston GL. Anterior cricoid split: the Chicago experience with an alternative to tracheotomy. The Laryngoscope. 1987;97(1):19-24.
Monnier P. Airway stenting with the LT-Mold™: experience in 30 pediatric cases. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 2007;71(9):1351-9.
LINDHOLM CE. Prolonged endotracheal intubation. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1969;13:1-80.
Weiss M, Dullenkopf A, Gerber A. Der Microcuff Pädiatrietubus: Ein neuer Endotrachealtubus mit Hochvolumen-Niederdruck-Cuff für Kinder. Der Anaesthesist. 2004;53:73-9.
Weber TR, Connors RH, Tracy Jr TF. Acquired tracheal stenosis in infants and children. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1991;102(1):29-35.
Lim LH, Cotton RT, Azizkhan RG, Wood RE, Cohen AP, Rutter MJ. Complications of metallic stents in the pediatric airway. Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery. 2004;131(4):355-61.
MacRae D, Rae R, Heeneman H. Pediatric tracheotomy. The Journal of otolaryngology. 1984;13(5):309-11.
Benjamin B, Curley JW. Infant tracheotomy—endoscopy and decannulation. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 1990;20(2):113-21.
Myer III CM, O'Connor DM, Cotton RT. Proposed grading system for subglottic stenosis based on endotracheal tube sizes. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1994;103(4):319-23.
V. McCaffrey T. Classification of laryngotracheal stenosis. The Laryngoscope. 1992;102(12):1335-40.
Bacon JL, Patterson CM, Madden BP. Indications and interventional options for non-resectable tracheal stenosis. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2014;6(3):258.
Brichet A, Verkindre C, Dupont J, Carlier M, Darras J, Wurtz A, et al. Multidisciplinary approach to management of postintubation tracheal stenoses. European Respiratory Journal. 1999;13(4):888-93.
Foccoli P, Scappaticci E, Rea F, Revello F, Bezzi M, Cavaliere S. Management of post-intubation and/or tracheotomy tracheal stenoses. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease. 2011;75(1).
Rahman NA, Fruchter O, Shitrit D, Fox BD, Kramer MR. Flexible bronchoscopic management of benign tracheal stenosis: long term follow-up of 115 patients. Journal of cardiothoracic surgery. 2010;5:1-5.
Pages
311-324
Published
April 5, 2024
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Ayral M. Edinilmiş Laringeal Anomaliler. In: Şahin Önder S, editor. Pediatrik Kulak Burun Boğaz Hastalıkları [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2024 [cited 2026 Jul. 13]. pp. 311-24. Available from: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/2917/chapter/13311
