Sosyal Medya Kullanım Davranışını Kontrol Etme Zorluğu Yaşayan Kadınların Kendileri ve Diğerleri İle Kurduğu İlişki Deneyimlerinin Yorumlayıcı Fenomenolojik Analiz ile İncelenmesi
Özet
Bu çalışmanın amacı sosyal medya kullanım davranışını kontrol etme zorluğu yaşayan kadınların duygularını incelemek ve öznel deneyimlerini anlamlandırmaya çalışmaktır. Araştırmada, kadınların sosyal medyayı kullanım davranışlarının neden artış gösterdiği, sosyal medya kullanımının onlara neler hissettirdiği, kendilerine bakışlarının ve tutumlarının nelerden etkilendiği ve kontrolsüz kullanım davranışlarının kökenlerinin derinlemesine anlaşılması amaçlanmıştır. Örneklem, 20-30 yaş arasında, İstanbulda yaşayan, eğitim durumu üniversitede okuyan veya mezun, bekar, her gün neredeyse her boş zamanında sosyal medyaya girmekten kendini alıkoyamayan ve bu durumun kendine bakışı, davranışları ve duygu durumu üzerinde olumsuz etkilerini hisseden kadın katılımcılar olarak belirlenmiştir. Her katılımcıyla 1 görüşme yapılmış ve yapılan görüşmeler yorumlayıcı fenomenolojik analiz ile incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizde, ‘Romantik ilişkide bağlanma temelli zorluklar’, ‘öfkenin yıkıcı deneyimi’ ve ‘kendilik oluşumunda temel ihtiyaçların eksikliği’ olmak üzere 3 üst tema belirlenmiştir. Temalar literatürdeki bilgilerle harmanlanarak tartışılmıştır.
Aim of this study is to examine the feelings of women who have difficulty to control their social media usage and try to make sense of their subjective experiences. The study aimed to understand why women's social media usage is increasing, how social media usage affects them, impact on their attitudes and self-image and an in-depth understanding of the origins of uncontrolled usage behaviors. Participants were selected from females who are located in Istanbul, in their 20’s, enrolled in university or graduated, single, unable to detain themselves from engaging social media at any time and felt that they had negative effects on their self-perception, behavior and emotional state. Each participant interviewed one time and interviews were analyzed by interpretative phenomenological analysis. Three superordinate themes have been identified in the analysis, namely 'romantic relation-based difficulties', 'destructive experience of the anger' and 'lack of basic needs in self-development'. The themes are discussed with related information in the literature.
Referanslar
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Anzieu-Premmereur, C. (2024). On the Roots of Addictive Behavior in Narcissist Vulnerability and Lack of Transitional Area. In A Psychoanalytic Exploration of the Contemporary Search for Pleasure (pp. 81-99). Routledge.
Ayers, M. Y. (2014). Mother-infant attachment and psychoanalysis: The eyes of shame. Routledge.
Beebe, B., & Lachmann, F. (2002). Organizing principles of interaction from infant research and the lifespan prediction of attachment: Application to adult treatment. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 2(4), 61-89.
Bilir, S. E., (2016). Türkiye’deki üniversite öğrencilerinin romantik ilişkilerinde işlevsel olmayan ilişki inançları ile ilişkisel benlik tutumlarının bağlanma kuramı çerçevesinde incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans tezi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
Burrowes, B. D., & Halberstadt, A. G. (1987). Self-and family-expressiveness styles in the experience and expression of anger. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 11(4), 254-268.
Cromby, J. (2012). Feeling the way: Qualitative clinical research and the affective turn. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 9(1), 88-98.
Çakır, Z. (2007). Antisosyal kişilik bozukluğunda erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar, algılanan ebeveynlik stilleri ve şema sürdürücü başa çıkma davranışları arasındaki ilişkiler: Şema modeli çerçevesinde bir inceleme. Yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara.
Dardis, C. M., & Gidycz, C. A. (2017). The frequency and perceived impact of engaging in in-person and cyber unwanted pursuit after relationship break-up among college men and women. Sex Roles, 76(1-2), 56-72.
Draucker, C. B., & Martsolf, D. S. (2010). The role of electronic communication technology in adolescent dating violence. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23(3), 133-142.
Eatough, V., & Smith, J. A. (2008). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology, 179, 194.
Eatough, V., Smith, J. A., & Shaw, R. (2008). Women, anger, and aggression: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of interpersonal violence, 23(12), 1767-1799.
Echeburúa, E., & de Corral, P. (2010). Addiction to new technologies and to online social
networking in young people: A new challenge. Adicciones, 22(2), 91–95.
Elliott, R., Fischer, C. T., & Rennie, D. L. (1999). Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields. British journal of clinical psychology, 38(3), 215-229.
Erten, Y., (2002). Freud’dan Günümüze Kuram ve Uygulamalar. Kendilik Psikolojisi: Heinz Kohut ve Sonrası. 3 P Dergisi, 10 (3) Ek sayı.
Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women's body image concerns and mood. Body Image, 13, 38-45.
Fischer, C. T. (2009). Bracketing in qualitative research: Conceptual and practical matters. Psychotherapy Research, 19(4-5), 583-590.
Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191-197.
Halberstadt, A. G. (1986). Family socialization of emotional expression and nonverbal communication styles and skills. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(4), 827.
Hazen, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(3), 511-524
Hellawell, D. (2006). Inside out: Analysis of the insider outsider concept as a heuristic device to develop reflexivity in students doing qualitative research. Teaching in Higher Education, 11, 483–494.
Holmes, W. (2011). Crisis communications and social media: Advantages, disadvantages and best practices.
Hormes, J. M., Kearns, B., & Timko, C. A. (2014). Craving Facebook? Behavioral addiction to online social networking and its association with emotion regulation deficits. Addiction, 109(12), 2079-2088.
Horney, K. (1950). Neurosis and human growth, New York (WW Norton) 1950.
Hubbard, G., Backett-Milburn, K., & Kemmer, D. (2001). Working with emotion: issues for the researcher in fieldwork andteamwork. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 4(2), 119-137.
Infante, D. A., Trebing, J. D., Shepherd, P. E., & Seeds, D. E. (1984). The relationship of argumentativeness to verbal aggression. Southern Speech Communication Journal, 50(1), 67-77.
Karaiskos, D., Tzavellas, E., Balta, G., & Paparrigopoulos, T. (2010). P02-232- Social network addiction: a new clinical disorder?. European Psychiatry, 25, 855.
Kim, J. H., Kim, M. S., & Nam, Y. (2010). An analysis of self-construals, motivations, Facebook use, and user satisfaction. Intl. Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 26(11-12), 1077-1099.
Kim, Y., Sohn, D., & Choi, S. M. (2011). Cultural difference in motivations for using social network sites: A comparative study of American and Korean college students. Computers in human behavior, 27(1), 365-372.
Kohut, H. (1984). How Does Analysis Cure?. Eds. A. Goldberg and P. Stepansky. Chicago.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online social networking and addiction—a review of the psychological literature. International journal of environmental research and public health, 8(9), 3528-3552.
Larkin, M., Watts, S., & Clifton, E. (2006). Giving voice and making sense in interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 102-120
LaRose, R., Wohn, D. Y., Ellison, N., & Steinfield, C. (2011). Facebook fiends: Compulsive social networking and adjustment to college. In IADIS International Conference ICT.
Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. Psychoanalytic review, 58(3),
419.
Livingstone, S. (2008). Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: teenagers' use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self- expression. New media & society, 10(3), 393-411.
Lukacs, V., & Quan-Haase, A. (2015). Romantic breakups on Facebook: new scales for studying post-breakup behaviors, digital distress, and surveillance. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 492-508.
Lup, K., Trub, L., & Rosenthal, L. (2015). Instagram# instasad?: exploring associations among instagram use, depressive symptoms, negative social comparison, and strangers followed. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(5), 247-252.
Lyndon, A., Bonds-Raacke, J., & Cratty, A. D. (2011). College students' Facebook stalking of ex-partners. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(12), 711-716.
Lyons, E., & Coyle, A. (Eds.). (2016). Analysing qualitative data in psychology. Sage.
Mathes, E. W., Adams, H. E., & Davies, R. M. (1985). Jealousy: Loss of relationship rewards, loss of self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and anger. Journal of personality and social psychology, 48(6), 1552.
Morgan, M. (2018). The projective gridlock: a form of projective identification in couple relationships. In Intrusiveness and Intimacy in the Couple (pp. 49-64). Routledge.
Müller, K. W., Dreier, M., Beutel, M. E., Duven, E., Giralt, S., & Wölfling, K. (2016). A hidden type of internet addiction? Intense and addictive use of social networking sites in adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 172-177.
Neale, J., Allen, D., & Coombes, L. (2005). Qualitative research methods within the addictions. Addiction, 100(11), 1584-1593.
Orb, A., Eisenhauer, L., & Wynaden, D. (2001). Ethics in qualitative research. Journal of nursing scholarship, 33(1), 93-96.
Philips, T. (2016). Kohut Memorial Lecture: Race, Place, and Selfie. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self-Psychology, 11(2), 97- 114.
Pietkiewicz, I., & Smith, J. A. (2014). A practical guide to using interpretative phenomenological analysis in qualitative research psychology. Psychological Journal, 20(1), 7-14
Quan-Haase, A., & Young, A. L. (2010). Uses and gratifications of social media: A comparison of Facebook and instant messaging. Bulletin of science, technology & society, 30(5), 350-361.
Reed, L. A., Tolman, R. M., & Ward, L. M. (2016). Snooping and sexting: digital media as a context for dating aggression and abuse among college students. Violence against women, 22(13), 1556-1576.
Rossman, G. B., & Rallis, S. F. (2011). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative research. Sage.
Smith, J.A. (1996). Beyond the divide between cognition and discourse: using interpretative phenomenological analysis in health psychology. Psychology and Health, 11, 261-271.
Smith, J. A. (2004). Reflecting on the development of interpretative phenomenological analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 1(1), 39-54.
Smith, J. A. (2007). Hermeneutics, human sciences and health: Linking theory and practice. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 2(1), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482620601016120
Smith, A. R., Hames, J. L., & Joiner, T. E. (2013). Status update: Maladaptive Facebook usage predicts increases in body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms. Journal of affective disorders, 149(1), 235-240.
Smith, J. A., & Osborn, M. (2004). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Doing social psychology research, 229-254.
Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu, A., & Cakir, Z. (2009). Assessment of early maladaptive schemas: A psychometric study of the Turkish Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 20(1), 75-84.
Spielberger, C. D., Krasner, S. S., & Solomon, E. P. (1988). The experience, expression, and control of anger. In Individual differences, stress, and health psychology (pp. 89-108). Springer, New York, NY.
Stenbacka, C. (2001). Qualitative research requires quality concepts of its own. Management decision, 39(7), 551-556
Storey, L. (2008). Doing interpretative phenomenological analysis. The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology, 179, 194.
Subrahmanyam, K., Reich, S. M., Waechter, N., & Espinoza, G. (2008). Online and offline social networks: Use of social networking sites by emerging adults. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 29(6), 420-433.
Tandoc, E. C., Ferrucci, P., & Duffy, M. (2015). Facebook use, envy, and depression among college students: Is facebooking depressing?. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 139-146.
Tanyaş, B. (2014). Nitel araştırma yöntemlerine giriş: Genel ilkeler ve psikolojideki uygulamaları. Eleştirel Psikoloji Bülteni (Psikolojide Araştırma ve Yöntem Tartışmaları Özel Sayısı), 5, 25-38.
Thompson, A. R., & Russo, K. (2012). Ethical dilemmas for clinical psychologists in conducting qualitative research. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 9(1), 32-46.
Tiggemann, M., & Zaccardo, M. (2018). ‘Strong is the new skinny’: A content analysis of# fitspiration images on Instagram. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(8), 1003-1011.
Turel, O., & Serenko, A. (2012). The benefits and dangers of enjoyment with social networking websites. European Journal of Information Systems, 21(5), 512-528.
Uzlaner, D. (2017). The selfie and intolerable gaze of the Other. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 14(4), 282-294.
Wang, R., Yang, F., & Haigh, M. M. (2017). Let me take a selfie: exploring the psychological effects of posting and viewing selfies and groupies on social media. Telematics and Informatics, 34(4), 274-283.
White, G. L. (1981). Some correlates of romantic jealousy 1. Journal of Personality, 49(2), 129-145.
Willig, C., & Rogers, W. S. (Eds.). (2017). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology. Sage.
Winnicott, D. W. (2014). Oyun ve gerçeklik. (T. Birkan, Çev.) İstanbul:Metis. (Özgün eser 1971 tarihlidir.
Wu, A. M., Cheung, V. I., Ku, L., & Hung, E. P. (2013). Psychological risk factors of addiction to social networking sites among Chinese smartphone users. Journal of behavioral addictions, 2(3), 160-166.
Anzieu-Premmereur, C. (2024). On the Roots of Addictive Behavior in Narcissist Vulnerability and Lack of Transitional Area. In A Psychoanalytic Exploration of the Contemporary Search for Pleasure (pp. 81-99). Routledge.
Ayers, M. Y. (2014). Mother-infant attachment and psychoanalysis: The eyes of shame. Routledge.
Beebe, B., & Lachmann, F. (2002). Organizing principles of interaction from infant research and the lifespan prediction of attachment: Application to adult treatment. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 2(4), 61-89.
Bilir, S. E., (2016). Türkiye’deki üniversite öğrencilerinin romantik ilişkilerinde işlevsel olmayan ilişki inançları ile ilişkisel benlik tutumlarının bağlanma kuramı çerçevesinde incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans tezi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
Burrowes, B. D., & Halberstadt, A. G. (1987). Self-and family-expressiveness styles in the experience and expression of anger. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 11(4), 254-268.
Cromby, J. (2012). Feeling the way: Qualitative clinical research and the affective turn. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 9(1), 88-98.
Çakır, Z. (2007). Antisosyal kişilik bozukluğunda erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar, algılanan ebeveynlik stilleri ve şema sürdürücü başa çıkma davranışları arasındaki ilişkiler: Şema modeli çerçevesinde bir inceleme. Yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara.
Dardis, C. M., & Gidycz, C. A. (2017). The frequency and perceived impact of engaging in in-person and cyber unwanted pursuit after relationship break-up among college men and women. Sex Roles, 76(1-2), 56-72.
Draucker, C. B., & Martsolf, D. S. (2010). The role of electronic communication technology in adolescent dating violence. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23(3), 133-142.
Eatough, V., & Smith, J. A. (2008). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology, 179, 194.
Eatough, V., Smith, J. A., & Shaw, R. (2008). Women, anger, and aggression: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of interpersonal violence, 23(12), 1767-1799.
Echeburúa, E., & de Corral, P. (2010). Addiction to new technologies and to online social
networking in young people: A new challenge. Adicciones, 22(2), 91–95.
Elliott, R., Fischer, C. T., & Rennie, D. L. (1999). Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields. British journal of clinical psychology, 38(3), 215-229.
Erten, Y., (2002). Freud’dan Günümüze Kuram ve Uygulamalar. Kendilik Psikolojisi: Heinz Kohut ve Sonrası. 3 P Dergisi, 10 (3) Ek sayı.
Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women's body image concerns and mood. Body Image, 13, 38-45.
Fischer, C. T. (2009). Bracketing in qualitative research: Conceptual and practical matters. Psychotherapy Research, 19(4-5), 583-590.
Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191-197.
Halberstadt, A. G. (1986). Family socialization of emotional expression and nonverbal communication styles and skills. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(4), 827.
Hazen, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(3), 511-524
Hellawell, D. (2006). Inside out: Analysis of the insider outsider concept as a heuristic device to develop reflexivity in students doing qualitative research. Teaching in Higher Education, 11, 483–494.
Holmes, W. (2011). Crisis communications and social media: Advantages, disadvantages and best practices.
Hormes, J. M., Kearns, B., & Timko, C. A. (2014). Craving Facebook? Behavioral addiction to online social networking and its association with emotion regulation deficits. Addiction, 109(12), 2079-2088.
Horney, K. (1950). Neurosis and human growth, New York (WW Norton) 1950.
Hubbard, G., Backett-Milburn, K., & Kemmer, D. (2001). Working with emotion: issues for the researcher in fieldwork andteamwork. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 4(2), 119-137.
Infante, D. A., Trebing, J. D., Shepherd, P. E., & Seeds, D. E. (1984). The relationship of argumentativeness to verbal aggression. Southern Speech Communication Journal, 50(1), 67-77.
Karaiskos, D., Tzavellas, E., Balta, G., & Paparrigopoulos, T. (2010). P02-232- Social network addiction: a new clinical disorder?. European Psychiatry, 25, 855.
Kim, J. H., Kim, M. S., & Nam, Y. (2010). An analysis of self-construals, motivations, Facebook use, and user satisfaction. Intl. Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 26(11-12), 1077-1099.
Kim, Y., Sohn, D., & Choi, S. M. (2011). Cultural difference in motivations for using social network sites: A comparative study of American and Korean college students. Computers in human behavior, 27(1), 365-372.
Kohut, H. (1984). How Does Analysis Cure?. Eds. A. Goldberg and P. Stepansky. Chicago.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online social networking and addiction—a review of the psychological literature. International journal of environmental research and public health, 8(9), 3528-3552.
Larkin, M., Watts, S., & Clifton, E. (2006). Giving voice and making sense in interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 102-120
LaRose, R., Wohn, D. Y., Ellison, N., & Steinfield, C. (2011). Facebook fiends: Compulsive social networking and adjustment to college. In IADIS International Conference ICT.
Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. Psychoanalytic review, 58(3),
419.
Livingstone, S. (2008). Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: teenagers' use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self- expression. New media & society, 10(3), 393-411.
Lukacs, V., & Quan-Haase, A. (2015). Romantic breakups on Facebook: new scales for studying post-breakup behaviors, digital distress, and surveillance. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 492-508.
Lup, K., Trub, L., & Rosenthal, L. (2015). Instagram# instasad?: exploring associations among instagram use, depressive symptoms, negative social comparison, and strangers followed. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(5), 247-252.
Lyndon, A., Bonds-Raacke, J., & Cratty, A. D. (2011). College students' Facebook stalking of ex-partners. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(12), 711-716.
Lyons, E., & Coyle, A. (Eds.). (2016). Analysing qualitative data in psychology. Sage.
Mathes, E. W., Adams, H. E., & Davies, R. M. (1985). Jealousy: Loss of relationship rewards, loss of self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and anger. Journal of personality and social psychology, 48(6), 1552.
Morgan, M. (2018). The projective gridlock: a form of projective identification in couple relationships. In Intrusiveness and Intimacy in the Couple (pp. 49-64). Routledge.
Müller, K. W., Dreier, M., Beutel, M. E., Duven, E., Giralt, S., & Wölfling, K. (2016). A hidden type of internet addiction? Intense and addictive use of social networking sites in adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 172-177.
Neale, J., Allen, D., & Coombes, L. (2005). Qualitative research methods within the addictions. Addiction, 100(11), 1584-1593.
Orb, A., Eisenhauer, L., & Wynaden, D. (2001). Ethics in qualitative research. Journal of nursing scholarship, 33(1), 93-96.
Philips, T. (2016). Kohut Memorial Lecture: Race, Place, and Selfie. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self-Psychology, 11(2), 97- 114.
Pietkiewicz, I., & Smith, J. A. (2014). A practical guide to using interpretative phenomenological analysis in qualitative research psychology. Psychological Journal, 20(1), 7-14
Quan-Haase, A., & Young, A. L. (2010). Uses and gratifications of social media: A comparison of Facebook and instant messaging. Bulletin of science, technology & society, 30(5), 350-361.
Reed, L. A., Tolman, R. M., & Ward, L. M. (2016). Snooping and sexting: digital media as a context for dating aggression and abuse among college students. Violence against women, 22(13), 1556-1576.
Rossman, G. B., & Rallis, S. F. (2011). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative research. Sage.
Smith, J.A. (1996). Beyond the divide between cognition and discourse: using interpretative phenomenological analysis in health psychology. Psychology and Health, 11, 261-271.
Smith, J. A. (2004). Reflecting on the development of interpretative phenomenological analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 1(1), 39-54.
Smith, J. A. (2007). Hermeneutics, human sciences and health: Linking theory and practice. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 2(1), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482620601016120
Smith, A. R., Hames, J. L., & Joiner, T. E. (2013). Status update: Maladaptive Facebook usage predicts increases in body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms. Journal of affective disorders, 149(1), 235-240.
Smith, J. A., & Osborn, M. (2004). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Doing social psychology research, 229-254.
Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu, A., & Cakir, Z. (2009). Assessment of early maladaptive schemas: A psychometric study of the Turkish Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 20(1), 75-84.
Spielberger, C. D., Krasner, S. S., & Solomon, E. P. (1988). The experience, expression, and control of anger. In Individual differences, stress, and health psychology (pp. 89-108). Springer, New York, NY.
Stenbacka, C. (2001). Qualitative research requires quality concepts of its own. Management decision, 39(7), 551-556
Storey, L. (2008). Doing interpretative phenomenological analysis. The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology, 179, 194.
Subrahmanyam, K., Reich, S. M., Waechter, N., & Espinoza, G. (2008). Online and offline social networks: Use of social networking sites by emerging adults. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 29(6), 420-433.
Tandoc, E. C., Ferrucci, P., & Duffy, M. (2015). Facebook use, envy, and depression among college students: Is facebooking depressing?. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 139-146.
Tanyaş, B. (2014). Nitel araştırma yöntemlerine giriş: Genel ilkeler ve psikolojideki uygulamaları. Eleştirel Psikoloji Bülteni (Psikolojide Araştırma ve Yöntem Tartışmaları Özel Sayısı), 5, 25-38.
Thompson, A. R., & Russo, K. (2012). Ethical dilemmas for clinical psychologists in conducting qualitative research. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 9(1), 32-46.
Tiggemann, M., & Zaccardo, M. (2018). ‘Strong is the new skinny’: A content analysis of# fitspiration images on Instagram. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(8), 1003-1011.
Turel, O., & Serenko, A. (2012). The benefits and dangers of enjoyment with social networking websites. European Journal of Information Systems, 21(5), 512-528.
Uzlaner, D. (2017). The selfie and intolerable gaze of the Other. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 14(4), 282-294.
Wang, R., Yang, F., & Haigh, M. M. (2017). Let me take a selfie: exploring the psychological effects of posting and viewing selfies and groupies on social media. Telematics and Informatics, 34(4), 274-283.
White, G. L. (1981). Some correlates of romantic jealousy 1. Journal of Personality, 49(2), 129-145.
Willig, C., & Rogers, W. S. (Eds.). (2017). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology. Sage.
Winnicott, D. W. (2014). Oyun ve gerçeklik. (T. Birkan, Çev.) İstanbul:Metis. (Özgün eser 1971 tarihlidir.
Wu, A. M., Cheung, V. I., Ku, L., & Hung, E. P. (2013). Psychological risk factors of addiction to social networking sites among Chinese smartphone users. Journal of behavioral addictions, 2(3), 160-166.
Sayfalar
107-136
Gelecek
14 Ağustos 2025
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