Östrusun Denetlenmesi ve Damızlık Teke Seçimi
Özet
Keçiler gerek et verimleri gerekse süt verimleriyle geviş getiren hayvanlar içerisinde önemli bir role sahiptir. Besin kaynağı olmalarının yanı sıra tekstil endüstrisinde de yer bulmaktadırlar. Keçiler mevsime bağlı poliöstrik hayvanlardır ve ülkemizde sonbahar-kış aylarında dişi keçilerde östrus siklusu gözlenir. Keçilerde östrus siklusu ortalama 21 gündür. Siklus içerisinde tekeyle çiftleşmeyi kabul ettikleri östrus dönemi ortalama 30-36 saat sürmektedir. Östrus tespit yöntemlerinden yararlanılarak östrus zamanının doğru tespit edilmesi hem çiftleşme zamanının hem de suni tohumlama uygulamasının zamanlanmasında büyük önem taşır. Keçilerde östrusun tespitinde; gözlem yöntemi, arama hayvanı katımı, takvim yöntemi, kondüktivimetre aracılığıyla vajinal direncin ölçülmesi, pedometre yardımıyla hareketin takibi, süt progesteron testi gibi pek çok farklı yöntemden yararlanılabilir. Sürü içerisinde yer alan keçilerin aynı zaman aralığında östrus göstermesi amacıyla çeşitli hormonlar kullanılarak östrus senkronizasyonu sağlanmaktadır. Keçilerde östrus senkronizasyonu amacıyla kullanılan başlıca hormonlar; progestagenler, prostaglandinler, gonadotropinler ve melatonindir. Hormon kullanımının dışında suni ışık uygulaması ve erkek etkisi uygulaması gibi yöntemlerle de senkronizasyon sağlanabilmektedir.
Goats have an important role among ruminants, with their meat and milk yields. In addition to being a source of food, they also find a place in the textile industry. Goats are seasonally polyestrous animals, and in our country, the estrous cycle is observed in female goats during the autumn-winter months. The average estrous cycle in goats is 21 days. The estrous cycle, characterized by receptivity to mating, generally lasts for 30-36 hours. Accurate determination of estrus timing through the use of estrus detection methods is crucial for precise timing of both natural mating and artificial insemination. A variety of methods can be utilized to detect estrus in goats, including visual observation, the use of teaser animals, calendar-based methods, measurement of vaginal resistance using a conductimeter, monitoring of activity with a pedometer, and milk progesterone testing. In order for the goats in the herd to show estrus at the same time interval, estrus synchronization is provided by using various hormones. The main hormones used for estrus synchronization in goats are progestagens, prostaglandins, gonadotropins and melatonin. Apart from the use of hormones, synchronization can also be achieved with methods such as artificial light application and male effect application.
Referanslar
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Engeland I, Ropstad E, Andresen Ø, Eik L. Pregnancy diagnosis in dairy goats using progesterone assay kits and oestrous observation. Animal reproduction science. 1997;47(3):237-43.
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Simões J, Abecia J, Cannas A, Delgadillo J, Lacasta D, Voigt K, et al. Managing sheep and goats for sustainable high yield production. Animal. 2021;15:100293.
Redden R, Thorne JW. Reproductive management of sheep and goats. Animal Agriculture: Elsevier; 2020. p. 211-30.
Fatet A, Pellicer-Rubio M-T, Leboeuf B. Reproductive cycle of goats. Animal reproduction science. 2011;124(3-4):211-9.
Brunet AGm, Santiago-Moreno J, Toledano-Diaz A, López-Sebastià A. Reproductive seasonality and its control in Spanish sheep and goats. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems. 2011;15(S1).
Chemineau P, Pellicer-Rubio M-T, Lassoued N, Khaldi G, Monniaux D. Male-induced short oestrous and ovarian cycles in sheep and goats: a working hypothesis. Reproduction Nutrition Development. 2006;46(4):417-29.
Kaçar C, Kaya S, Kuru M, Zonturlu AK. Koyun ve keçilerde üremenin denetlenmesinde güncel yöntemler. Turkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci Obstet Gynecol-Special Topics. 2016;2(1):29-37.
Shelton M. Reproduction and breeding of goats. Journal of Dairy Science. 1978;61(7):994-1010.
Kunbhar HK, Memon A, Bhutto A, Rajput ZI, Suthar V, Memon A, et al. Study on female reproductive performance of Kamohri goat managed under traditional management conditions in district Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Int J Adv Res Biol Sci. 2016;3(3):251-60.
Bearden HJ, Fuquay JW. Applied animal reproduction1981.
Hafez ESE, Hafez B. Reproduction in farm animals: John Wiley & Sons; 2013.
Bissonnette TH. Experimental modification of breeding cycles in goats. Physiological Zoology. 1941;14(3):379-83.
Zeleke ZM. Improving the reproductive efficiency of small stock by controlled breeding: University of the Free State; 2003.
Chemineau P, Malpaux B, Delgadillo J, Guérin Y, Ravault J, Thimonier J, et al. Control of sheep and goat reproduction: use of light and melatonin. Animal Reproduction Science. 1992;30(1-3):157-84.
Foster D, Ebling F, Claypool L. Timing of puberty by photoperiod. Reproduction Nutrition Développement. 1988;28(2B):349-64.
Levasseur M. Reproductive life cycle. Reproduction in farm animals. 1980:130-49.
Jainudeen M, Wahid H, Hafez E. Sheep and goats. Reproduction in farm animals. 2000:172-81.
De Castro T, Rubianes E, Menchaca A, Rivero A. Ovarian dynamics, serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations during the interovulatory interval in goats. Theriogenology. 1999;52(3):399-411.
Menchaca A, Rubianes E. Relation between progesterone concentrations during the early luteal phase and follicular dynamics in goats. Theriogenology. 2002;57(5):1411-9.
Ginther O, Kot K. Follicular dynamics during the ovulatory season in goats. Theriogenology. 1994;42(6):987-1001.
Pineda M. Female reproductive system. 2003.
Rubianes E, Menchaca A. The pattern and manipulation of ovarian follicular growth in goats. Animal Reproduction Science. 2003;78(3-4):271-87.
Graff K, Meintjes M, Han Y, Reggio B, Denniston R, Gavin W, et al. Comparing follicle stimulating hormone from two commercial sources for oocyte production from out-of-season dairy goats. Journal of dairy science. 2000;83(3):484-7.
Luo J, Wang W, Sun S. Research advances in reproduction for dairy goats. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences. 2019;32(8 Suppl):1284.
Habeeb HMH, Kutzler MA. Estrus synchronization in the sheep and goat. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice. 2021;37(1):125-37.
Dávila FS, del Bosque González AS, Barragán HB. Reproduction in Goats. Goat science: IntechOpen; 2017. p. 87-105.
Amiridis G, Cseh S. Assisted reproductive technologies in the reproductive management of small ruminants. Animal reproduction science. 2012;130(3-4):152-61.
Robertson HA. The endogenous control of estrus and ovulation in sheep, cattle, and swine. Vitamins & Hormones. 1970;27:91-130.
Lopez‐Sebastián A, Coloma M, Toledano A, Santiago‐Moreno J. Hormone‐free protocols for the control of reproduction and artificial insemination in goats. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 2014;49:22-9.
Bazer FW. Reproductive physiology of sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra aegagrus hircus). Animal Agriculture. 2020:199-209.
Baril G, Brebion P, Chesné P. Manuel de formation pratique pour la transplantation embryonnaire chez la brebis et la chèvre: Food & Agriculture Org.; 1993.
Singh B, Singh HK, Nain D, Choopra D, Jareda P, Satpute T, et al. Goat Behaviour in General. Special Issue ON. 2023;3(1):77.
Senger P. The estrus detection problem: new concepts, technologies, and possibilities. Journal of dairy science. 1994;77(9):2745-53.
Diskin MG, Sreenan JM. Expression and detection of oestrus in cattle. Reproduction Nutrition Development. 2000;40(5):481-91.
Karaca F. Üreme Mevsiminde vajinal sünger ve kulak İmplantı uygulamalarıyla senkronize edilen kıl keçilerinde farklı zamanlarda yapılan servikal tohumlamaların gebelik oranlarına etkisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;12(1):63-70.
Sönmez M. Reprodüksiyon suni tohumlama ve androloji ders notları. Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Elazığ, Turkey. 2012:15-20.
Çoyan K, Aksoy M. Östrus tespitinde kullanılan pratik yöntemler. Hay Arş Derg. 1992;2(2):53-4.
Kitwood S, Phillips C, Weise M. Use of a vaginal mucus impedance meter to detect estrus in the cow. Theriogenology. 1993;40(3):559-69.
Meydilasari NI, Hernawati T, Hidanah S, Damayanti T. Hubungan antara skor hasil bacaan heat detector dengan gambaran sitologi vagina sebagai parameter penentuan estrus pada kambing The relationship between heat detector reading results and the features of vaginal cytology as a parameter for determining estrus in goats.
Triagil A, Ismudiono I, Setiawan B, Lestari TD, Samik A, Utomo B. Relationship between the value of the estrous detector measurement result and serum progesterone level in Ettawa crossbred goats after estrous synchronization. Ovozoa. 2020;9:82-5.
Doherty WC, Price EO, Katz LS. A note on activity monitoring as a supplement to estrus detection methods for dairy goats. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 1987;17(3-4):347-51.
Engeland I, Ropstad E, Andresen Ø, Eik L. Pregnancy diagnosis in dairy goats using progesterone assay kits and oestrous observation. Animal reproduction science. 1997;47(3):237-43.
Bauernfeind M, Holtz W. Progesterone and estrogen levels in serum of cycling goats measured by enzyme immunoassay. Small ruminant research. 1991;6(1-2):95-102.
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