Epizyotomi
Referanslar
Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics (2018). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 198: Prevention and Management of Obstetric Lacerations at Vaginal Delivery. Obstetrics and gynecology, 132(3), e87–e102. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002841
Schmidt, P. C., & Fenner, D. E. (2024). Repair of episiotomy and obstetrical perineal lacerations (first-fourth). American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 230(3S), S1005–S1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.07.005
Jiang H, Qian X, Carroli G, Garner P. Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 08;2(2):CD000081
EURO-PERISTAT project with SCPE and EUROCAT. European perinatal health report. Health and care of pregnant women and babies in Europe in 2010. EURO-PERISTAT 2013 https://www.europeristat.com/images/doc/EPHR2010_w_disclaimer.pdf)
Albers, L. L., Sedler, K. D., Bedrick, E. J., Teaf, D., & Peralta, P. Factors related to genital tract trauma in normal spontaneous vaginal births. Birth 2006; 33(2), 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0730-7659.2006.00085.x
Pietras J, Taiwo BF. Episiotomy in Modern Obstetrics – Necessity Versus Malpractice, Adv Clin Exp Med 2012; 21(4): 545–550) .
Kartal B, Özhan T, Cırık M. Primipar Kadınların Epizyotomi Bakımına İlişkin Uygulamaları. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi; 2014; 3(4):1056- 1066.).
Durmaz A, Buğdaycı R. Epizyotomi İyiles- mesini Etkileyen Faktorler. Turkish Journal of Public Health 2013; 11: 72-85.
Ayhan A, Kadayıfçı O, Evrüke C, Ürünsak İ.F, Ünal E.A. Doğum Fizyolojisi ve Vajinal Doğum. Temel Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Bilgisi. 2. Baskı. ISBN: 978-975- 2771-91-8 Ankara- 2008. s ;212.
Operative Vaginal Birth: ACOG Practice Bulletin Summary, Number 219. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Apr;135(4):982-984.;
Choudhari RG, Tayade SA, Venurkar SV, Deshpande VP. A Review of Episiotomy and Modalities for Relief of Episiotomy Pain. Cureus. 2022 Nov;14(11):e31620
Okeahialam NA, Sultan AH, Thakar R. The prevention of perineal trauma during vaginal birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024 Mar;230(3S):S991-S1004
Okeahialam NA, Wong KW, Jha S, Sultan AH, Thakar R. Mediolateral/lateral episiotomy with operative vaginal delivery and the risk reduction of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2022 Jun;33(6):1393-1405
Labrecque M, Baillargeon L, Dallaire M, Tremblay A, Pinault JJ, Gingras S. Association between median episiotomy and severe perineal lacerations in primiparous women. CMAJ. 1997;156:797–802
Goh R, Goh D, Ellepola H. Perineal tears - A review. Aust J Gen Pract. 2018 Jan-Feb;47(1-2):35-38;
Garner DK, Patel AB, Hung J, Castro M, Segev TG, Plochocki JH, Hall MI: Midline and mediolateral episiotomy: risk assessment based on clinical anatomy. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021, 11:221. 10.3390/diagnostics11020221
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 71: Episiotomy. Obstet. Gynecol. 2006, 107, 956–962.;
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice Bulletin No. 165: Prevention and Management of Obstetric Lacerations at Vaginal Delivery. Obstet. Gynecol. 2016, 128, e1–e15.
Cargill, Y.M.; MacKinnon, C.J. SOGC Clinical Practice Guidelines, No. 148, August 2004. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can. 2004, 26, 747–753.
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Operative Vaginal Delivery; Green-Top Guideline No. 26; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: London, UK, 2011
Sagi, S. The role of episiotomy in prevention and management of shoulder dystocia: A systematic review. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 2015, 70, 354–362
Dahlen, H.G., Priddis, H., Thornton, C. Severe perineal trauma is rising, but let us not overreact. Midwifery 2015, 31, 1–8;
Gurol-Urganci, I.; Cromwell, D.A.; Edozien, L.C.et al.,. Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears among primiparous women in England between 2000 and 2012: Time trends and risk factors. BJOG 2013, 120, 1516–1525;
Ismail, S.I.; Puyk, B. The rise of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): 11-year trend analysis using Patient Episode Database for Wales (PEDW) data. Obstet. Gynecol. 2014
Mous, M.; Muller, S.; de Leeuw, J. Long-term effects of anal sphincter rupture during vaginal delivery: Faecal incontinence and sexual complaints. BJOG 2008; 115, 234–238.
Samarasekera, D.N. Bekhit, M.T. Wright, Y. Etval. Long-term anal continence and quality of life following postpartum anal sphincter injury. Colorectal Dis. 2008, 10, 793–799.
Harvey, M.A. Pierce, M. Obstetrical anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): Prevention, recognition, and repair. SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline, No. 330. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can. 2015, 37, 1131–1149.
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Third- and Fourth-Degree Perineal Tears, Management; Green Top Guideline No. 29; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: London, UK, 2017
van Bavel, J.; Hukkelhoven, C.W.; de Vries, C.; Papatsonis, D.N.; de Vogel, J.; Roovers, J.P.; Mol, B.W.; de Leeuw, J.W. The effectiveness of mediolateral episiotomy in preventing obstetric anal sphincter injuries during operative vaginal delivery: A ten-year analysis of a national registry. Int. Urogynecol. J. 2018, 29, 407–413
Sapmaz E, Altungül A.ÇSağ Medyolateral Epizyotomi Vakalarında Ağrı Kesici Olarak Tenoksikam ile Parasetamolün Karşılaştırılması. Fırat Tıp Dergisi 2012;17 (2): 76-79. 14.
Demirgöz Bal, Yılmaz S., Ebelere Yönelik Kapsamlı Doğum kitabı ISBN: 978605935498 Akademisyen Yayınevi Yılı : 2017 Ankara.
World Health Organization. WHO recommendations: intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018
Doumouchtsis SK, de Tayrac R, Lee J, Daly O, et al. An International Continence Society (ICS)/ International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) joint report on the terminology for the assessment and management of obstetric pelvic floor disorders. Int Urogynecol J. 2023;34(1):1-42.
Gün İ, Doğan B, Özdamar Ö. Turk Long- and short-term complications of episiotomy. J Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 13:144–148. doi: 10.4274/tjod.00087.
Barjon K, Vadakekut ES, Mahdy H. Episiotomy. 6. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546675 (Available Date: 11.12.2024)
Sultan AH. Obstetric perineal injury and anal incontinence. Clinical Risk 1999;5:193‐6.
Feigenberg T, Maor-Sagie E, Zivi E, et al. Using adhesive glue to repair first degree perineal tears: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Biomed Res Int. 2014(2014):526590).
Kettle C, Dowswell T, Ismail KM. Continuous and interrupted suturing techniques for repair of episiotomy or second-degree tears. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012(11):CD000947).
Arnold, M. J., Sadler, K., & Leli, K. Obstetric Lacerations: Prevention and Repair. American family physician, 2021;103(12), 745–752.
Gordon B, Mackrodt C, Fern E, et al. The Ipswich childbirth study: 1. A randomised evaluation of two stage postpartum perineal repair leaving the skin unsutured. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105(4):435-440.
Frohlich J, Kettle C. Perineal care. BMJ Clin Evid 2015;2015.
Sultan AH, Thakar R, Fenner DE. Perineal and anal sphincter trauma: Diagnosis and clinical management. London: Springer London, 2007
Smith LA, Price N, Simonite V, Burns EE. Incidence of and risk factors for perineal trauma: A prospective observational study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013;13:59.
Aragaw FM, Belay DG, Endalew M, Asratie MH, Gashaw M, Tsega NT. Level of episiotomy practice and its disparity among primiparous and multiparous women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Glob Womens Health. 2023;4:1153640.
Leeman L, Spearman M, Rogers R. Repair of obstetric perineal lacerations. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Oct 15;68(8):1585-90.
Aigmueller T, Umek W, Elenskaia K, et al. Guidelines for the management of third and fourth degree perineal tears after vaginal birth from the Austrian Urogynecology Working Group. Int Urogynecol J 2013;24(4):553–58.
Fernando RJ, Sultan AH, Freeman RM, Williams AA, Adams EJ. The management of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears. Guideline No. 29. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2015;
Sağlık Bakanlığı Ebelik Yönetmeliği (Erişim: 11.12.2024) https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2024/12/20241203-2.htm
Harkin R, Fitzpatrick M, O'Connell PR, et al. Anal sphincter disruption at vaginal delivery: is recurrence predictable? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003;109:149-52.
Barrett G, Pendry E, Peacock J, et al. Women's sexual health after childbirth. BJOG 2000;107:186-95. ; Rathfisch G, Dikencik BK, Kizilkaya Beji N, et al. Effects of perineal trauma on postpartum sexual function. J Adv Nurs 2010;66:2640-9.;
Richter HE, Fielding JR, Bradley CS, et al. Endoanal ultrasound findings and fecal incontinence symptoms in women with and without recognized anal sphincter tears. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:1394-401
Macarthur AJ, Macarthur C. Incidence, severity, and determinants of perineal pain after vaginal delivery: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:1199-204.
Kettle, C. ∙ Dowswell, T. ∙ Ismail, K.M. Absorbable suture materials for primary repair of episiotomy and second degree tears Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; 2010:CD000006;
Dasrilsyah, R.A. ∙ Kalok, A. ∙ Ng, B.K. ...Perineal skin tear repair following vaginal birth; skin adhesive versus conventional suture - a randomised controlled trial J Obstet Gynaecol. 2021; 41:242-247;
Harvey, M. A., Pierce, M., Alter, J. E., et al. (2015). Obstetrical Anal Sphincter Injuries (OASIS): Prevention, Recognition, and Repair. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC, 37(12), 1131–1148. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1701-2163(16)30081-0
Ebelik Uygulama Standartları. (Edt.) Behzat Özkan, Esin Çeber Turfan, Serap Yaşaroğlu Toksoy. Ankara, Vize Basın Yayın, 1. Baskı 2016.
Kaygusuz Öztürk T. “Tıbbi Beceriler Uygulama Rehberi” Türkkan Fırat Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Basım Yılı: 2021 Basım Yeri: Fırat Üniversitesi Basımevi Müdürlüğü
Barjon, K., Vadakekut, E. S., & Mahdy, H. (2024). Episiotomy. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546675/hant
Drake, E., & White, M. S. Postpartum adaptations and nursing care. Murray, S.S., McKinney, E.S. (Ed.). Foundations of Maternal- Newborn Nursing 2019 (p. 458-477). 7.Ed., Saunders Elseiver
Robson, S. J. (2019). Postpartum care and problems in the puerperium. Arulkumaran, S., Ledger, W., Denny, L., Doumouchtsis, S. (Ed.). Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology (p. 435-443). Oxford University Press, United Kingdom
Manresa, M., Pereda, A., Bataller, E., Terre-Rull, C., Ismail, K. M., & Webb, S. S. Incidence of perineal pain and dyspareunia following spontaneous vaginal birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Urogynecology Journal, 2019; 30(6), 853- 8681.
Fodstad, K., Staff, A. C., & Laine, K. Sexual activity and dyspareunia the first year postpartum in relation to degree of perineal trauma. International Urogynecology Journal, 2016;27(10), 1513-1523.
Schmidt, P. C., & Fenner, D. E. (2024). Repair of episiotomy and obstetrical perineal lacerations (first-fourth). American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 230(3S), S1005–S1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.07.005
Jiang H, Qian X, Carroli G, Garner P. Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 08;2(2):CD000081
EURO-PERISTAT project with SCPE and EUROCAT. European perinatal health report. Health and care of pregnant women and babies in Europe in 2010. EURO-PERISTAT 2013 https://www.europeristat.com/images/doc/EPHR2010_w_disclaimer.pdf)
Albers, L. L., Sedler, K. D., Bedrick, E. J., Teaf, D., & Peralta, P. Factors related to genital tract trauma in normal spontaneous vaginal births. Birth 2006; 33(2), 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0730-7659.2006.00085.x
Pietras J, Taiwo BF. Episiotomy in Modern Obstetrics – Necessity Versus Malpractice, Adv Clin Exp Med 2012; 21(4): 545–550) .
Kartal B, Özhan T, Cırık M. Primipar Kadınların Epizyotomi Bakımına İlişkin Uygulamaları. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi; 2014; 3(4):1056- 1066.).
Durmaz A, Buğdaycı R. Epizyotomi İyiles- mesini Etkileyen Faktorler. Turkish Journal of Public Health 2013; 11: 72-85.
Ayhan A, Kadayıfçı O, Evrüke C, Ürünsak İ.F, Ünal E.A. Doğum Fizyolojisi ve Vajinal Doğum. Temel Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Bilgisi. 2. Baskı. ISBN: 978-975- 2771-91-8 Ankara- 2008. s ;212.
Operative Vaginal Birth: ACOG Practice Bulletin Summary, Number 219. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Apr;135(4):982-984.;
Choudhari RG, Tayade SA, Venurkar SV, Deshpande VP. A Review of Episiotomy and Modalities for Relief of Episiotomy Pain. Cureus. 2022 Nov;14(11):e31620
Okeahialam NA, Sultan AH, Thakar R. The prevention of perineal trauma during vaginal birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024 Mar;230(3S):S991-S1004
Okeahialam NA, Wong KW, Jha S, Sultan AH, Thakar R. Mediolateral/lateral episiotomy with operative vaginal delivery and the risk reduction of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2022 Jun;33(6):1393-1405
Labrecque M, Baillargeon L, Dallaire M, Tremblay A, Pinault JJ, Gingras S. Association between median episiotomy and severe perineal lacerations in primiparous women. CMAJ. 1997;156:797–802
Goh R, Goh D, Ellepola H. Perineal tears - A review. Aust J Gen Pract. 2018 Jan-Feb;47(1-2):35-38;
Garner DK, Patel AB, Hung J, Castro M, Segev TG, Plochocki JH, Hall MI: Midline and mediolateral episiotomy: risk assessment based on clinical anatomy. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021, 11:221. 10.3390/diagnostics11020221
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 71: Episiotomy. Obstet. Gynecol. 2006, 107, 956–962.;
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice Bulletin No. 165: Prevention and Management of Obstetric Lacerations at Vaginal Delivery. Obstet. Gynecol. 2016, 128, e1–e15.
Cargill, Y.M.; MacKinnon, C.J. SOGC Clinical Practice Guidelines, No. 148, August 2004. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can. 2004, 26, 747–753.
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Operative Vaginal Delivery; Green-Top Guideline No. 26; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: London, UK, 2011
Sagi, S. The role of episiotomy in prevention and management of shoulder dystocia: A systematic review. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 2015, 70, 354–362
Dahlen, H.G., Priddis, H., Thornton, C. Severe perineal trauma is rising, but let us not overreact. Midwifery 2015, 31, 1–8;
Gurol-Urganci, I.; Cromwell, D.A.; Edozien, L.C.et al.,. Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears among primiparous women in England between 2000 and 2012: Time trends and risk factors. BJOG 2013, 120, 1516–1525;
Ismail, S.I.; Puyk, B. The rise of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): 11-year trend analysis using Patient Episode Database for Wales (PEDW) data. Obstet. Gynecol. 2014
Mous, M.; Muller, S.; de Leeuw, J. Long-term effects of anal sphincter rupture during vaginal delivery: Faecal incontinence and sexual complaints. BJOG 2008; 115, 234–238.
Samarasekera, D.N. Bekhit, M.T. Wright, Y. Etval. Long-term anal continence and quality of life following postpartum anal sphincter injury. Colorectal Dis. 2008, 10, 793–799.
Harvey, M.A. Pierce, M. Obstetrical anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): Prevention, recognition, and repair. SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline, No. 330. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can. 2015, 37, 1131–1149.
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Third- and Fourth-Degree Perineal Tears, Management; Green Top Guideline No. 29; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: London, UK, 2017
van Bavel, J.; Hukkelhoven, C.W.; de Vries, C.; Papatsonis, D.N.; de Vogel, J.; Roovers, J.P.; Mol, B.W.; de Leeuw, J.W. The effectiveness of mediolateral episiotomy in preventing obstetric anal sphincter injuries during operative vaginal delivery: A ten-year analysis of a national registry. Int. Urogynecol. J. 2018, 29, 407–413
Sapmaz E, Altungül A.ÇSağ Medyolateral Epizyotomi Vakalarında Ağrı Kesici Olarak Tenoksikam ile Parasetamolün Karşılaştırılması. Fırat Tıp Dergisi 2012;17 (2): 76-79. 14.
Demirgöz Bal, Yılmaz S., Ebelere Yönelik Kapsamlı Doğum kitabı ISBN: 978605935498 Akademisyen Yayınevi Yılı : 2017 Ankara.
World Health Organization. WHO recommendations: intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018
Doumouchtsis SK, de Tayrac R, Lee J, Daly O, et al. An International Continence Society (ICS)/ International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) joint report on the terminology for the assessment and management of obstetric pelvic floor disorders. Int Urogynecol J. 2023;34(1):1-42.
Gün İ, Doğan B, Özdamar Ö. Turk Long- and short-term complications of episiotomy. J Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 13:144–148. doi: 10.4274/tjod.00087.
Barjon K, Vadakekut ES, Mahdy H. Episiotomy. 6. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546675 (Available Date: 11.12.2024)
Sultan AH. Obstetric perineal injury and anal incontinence. Clinical Risk 1999;5:193‐6.
Feigenberg T, Maor-Sagie E, Zivi E, et al. Using adhesive glue to repair first degree perineal tears: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Biomed Res Int. 2014(2014):526590).
Kettle C, Dowswell T, Ismail KM. Continuous and interrupted suturing techniques for repair of episiotomy or second-degree tears. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012(11):CD000947).
Arnold, M. J., Sadler, K., & Leli, K. Obstetric Lacerations: Prevention and Repair. American family physician, 2021;103(12), 745–752.
Gordon B, Mackrodt C, Fern E, et al. The Ipswich childbirth study: 1. A randomised evaluation of two stage postpartum perineal repair leaving the skin unsutured. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105(4):435-440.
Frohlich J, Kettle C. Perineal care. BMJ Clin Evid 2015;2015.
Sultan AH, Thakar R, Fenner DE. Perineal and anal sphincter trauma: Diagnosis and clinical management. London: Springer London, 2007
Smith LA, Price N, Simonite V, Burns EE. Incidence of and risk factors for perineal trauma: A prospective observational study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013;13:59.
Aragaw FM, Belay DG, Endalew M, Asratie MH, Gashaw M, Tsega NT. Level of episiotomy practice and its disparity among primiparous and multiparous women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Glob Womens Health. 2023;4:1153640.
Leeman L, Spearman M, Rogers R. Repair of obstetric perineal lacerations. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Oct 15;68(8):1585-90.
Aigmueller T, Umek W, Elenskaia K, et al. Guidelines for the management of third and fourth degree perineal tears after vaginal birth from the Austrian Urogynecology Working Group. Int Urogynecol J 2013;24(4):553–58.
Fernando RJ, Sultan AH, Freeman RM, Williams AA, Adams EJ. The management of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears. Guideline No. 29. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2015;
Sağlık Bakanlığı Ebelik Yönetmeliği (Erişim: 11.12.2024) https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2024/12/20241203-2.htm
Harkin R, Fitzpatrick M, O'Connell PR, et al. Anal sphincter disruption at vaginal delivery: is recurrence predictable? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003;109:149-52.
Barrett G, Pendry E, Peacock J, et al. Women's sexual health after childbirth. BJOG 2000;107:186-95. ; Rathfisch G, Dikencik BK, Kizilkaya Beji N, et al. Effects of perineal trauma on postpartum sexual function. J Adv Nurs 2010;66:2640-9.;
Richter HE, Fielding JR, Bradley CS, et al. Endoanal ultrasound findings and fecal incontinence symptoms in women with and without recognized anal sphincter tears. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:1394-401
Macarthur AJ, Macarthur C. Incidence, severity, and determinants of perineal pain after vaginal delivery: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:1199-204.
Kettle, C. ∙ Dowswell, T. ∙ Ismail, K.M. Absorbable suture materials for primary repair of episiotomy and second degree tears Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; 2010:CD000006;
Dasrilsyah, R.A. ∙ Kalok, A. ∙ Ng, B.K. ...Perineal skin tear repair following vaginal birth; skin adhesive versus conventional suture - a randomised controlled trial J Obstet Gynaecol. 2021; 41:242-247;
Harvey, M. A., Pierce, M., Alter, J. E., et al. (2015). Obstetrical Anal Sphincter Injuries (OASIS): Prevention, Recognition, and Repair. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC, 37(12), 1131–1148. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1701-2163(16)30081-0
Ebelik Uygulama Standartları. (Edt.) Behzat Özkan, Esin Çeber Turfan, Serap Yaşaroğlu Toksoy. Ankara, Vize Basın Yayın, 1. Baskı 2016.
Kaygusuz Öztürk T. “Tıbbi Beceriler Uygulama Rehberi” Türkkan Fırat Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Basım Yılı: 2021 Basım Yeri: Fırat Üniversitesi Basımevi Müdürlüğü
Barjon, K., Vadakekut, E. S., & Mahdy, H. (2024). Episiotomy. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546675/hant
Drake, E., & White, M. S. Postpartum adaptations and nursing care. Murray, S.S., McKinney, E.S. (Ed.). Foundations of Maternal- Newborn Nursing 2019 (p. 458-477). 7.Ed., Saunders Elseiver
Robson, S. J. (2019). Postpartum care and problems in the puerperium. Arulkumaran, S., Ledger, W., Denny, L., Doumouchtsis, S. (Ed.). Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology (p. 435-443). Oxford University Press, United Kingdom
Manresa, M., Pereda, A., Bataller, E., Terre-Rull, C., Ismail, K. M., & Webb, S. S. Incidence of perineal pain and dyspareunia following spontaneous vaginal birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Urogynecology Journal, 2019; 30(6), 853- 8681.
Fodstad, K., Staff, A. C., & Laine, K. Sexual activity and dyspareunia the first year postpartum in relation to degree of perineal trauma. International Urogynecology Journal, 2016;27(10), 1513-1523.
Sayfalar
1-24
Gelecek
14 Şubat 2025
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