Hepatosellüler Karsinom; Görüntüleme Bulguları, Lı-Rads ve Evreleme
Referanslar
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, etal. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN es- timates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394–424.
Global Cancer Observatory. (2 Temmuz 2023 tarihinde http://globocan.iarc.fr/Default. aspx adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Jiang Y, Han Q, Zhao H, et al. The Mechanisms of HBV-Induced Hepatocellular Carci- noma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 2021;8:435–450. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Go- ogle Scholar]
Khatun M, Ray R, Ray RB. Hepatitis C virus associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Adv Cancer Res. 2021;149:103–142.[PubMed] [Google Scholar
Rumgay, H.; Shield, K.; Charvat, H.; et al. Global burden of cancer in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: A population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2021, 22, 1071–1080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tang, A, Hallouch, O, Chernyak, at al. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: target population for surveillance and diagnosis. Abdominal Radiology (NY). 2018, 43(1), 13-25.
Marrero, J.A.; Kulik, L.M.; Sirlin, C.B et al. Diagnosis, Staging, and Management of He- patocellular Carcinoma: 2018 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2018, 68, 723–750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Galle, P.R.; Forner, A.; Llovet, J.M.; et al. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Manage- ment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol. 2018, 69, 182–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Omata, M.; Cheng, A.-L.; Kokudo, N. et al. Asia–Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: A 2017 update. Hepatol. Int. 2017, 11, 317–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Masch, W.R.; Kampalath, R.; Parikh, N et al. Imaging of treatment response during systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom. Radiol. 2021, 46, 3625–3633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Chartampilas E, Rafailidis V, Georgopoulou V et al. Current Imaging Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers. 2022; 14(16):3997. https://doi.org/10.3390/can- cers14163997
Sparchez Z, Craciun R, Caraiani C, et al. Ultrasound or Sectional Imaging Techniques as Screening Tools for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Fall Forward or Move Forward? Jour- nal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(5):903. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10050903
Tanaka, H. Current role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Med. Ultrason. 2020, 47, 239–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Heimbach, J.K.; Kulik, L.M.; Finn, R.S.; et al AASLD guidelines for the treatment of he- patocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2018, 67, 358–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
European Association for the Study of the Liver; European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcino- ma. J Hepatol. 2018;69:182–236. [PubMed] [Google Scholar][Ref list]
Kokudo N, Takemura N, Hasegawa K, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hepatocel- lular carcinoma: The Japan Society of Hepatology 2017 (4th JSH-HCC guidelines) 2019 update. Hepatol. Res. 2019, 49, 1109–1113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Omata M, Cheng A.-L., Kokudo N, et al. Asia–Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: A 2017 update. Hepatol. Int. 2017, 11, 317–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
Vogel A, Cervantes A, Chau I, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Prac- tice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 2018, 29, iv238– iv255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Rapaccini GL, Pompili M, Caturelli E, et al. Hepatocellular carcinomas <2 cm in di- ameter complicating cirrhosis: ultrasound and clinical features in 153 consecutive patients. Liver Int. 2004 Apr;24(2):124-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2004.0903.x. PMID: 15078476.
Yu NC, Chaudhari V, Raman SS, et al. CT and MRI improve detection of hepatocellular carcinoma, compared with ultrasound alone, in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastro- enterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 161–167. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2010.09.017.
Guarneri V, Loggi E, Serra C, et al. Diagnostic performance of PIVKA-II in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2020;73:S631–S632.
Mohamed AA, Ghanem HM, Kamal MM, et al. Dickkopf-1 and β-catenin as biomarkers for early diagnosis of hepato-cellular carcinoma. CCTR. 2020;16(2):136–
144. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
Shaker MK, Attia FM, Hassan AA, et al. Evaluation of golgi protein 73 (GP73) as a poten- tial biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Lab. 2020;66(8). [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar] doi: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2020.190911. PMID: 32776730.
Sun B, Huang Z, Wang B, et al. Significance of glypican-3 (GPC3) expression in he- patocellular cancer diagnosis. Med Sci Monit. 2017;23:850–855. [Crossref], [Pub- Med], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Prorok PC, Marcus PM. Cancer screening trials: nuts and bolts. Semin Oncol. 2010 Jun;37(3):216-23. doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.05.009. PMID: 20709206; PMCID: PMC2923646. 26).
Marelli C. Preliminary experience with NC100100, a new ultrasound contrast agent for intravenous injection. Eur Radiol. 1999;9:S343–S346346.
Numata K, Luo W, Morimoto M, et al. Contrast enhanced ultrasound of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Radiol. 2010;2:68–82.
Choi JY, Lee JM, Sirlin CB. CT and MR imaging diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma: part I. Development, growth, and spread: key pathologic and imaging aspects. Radiology. 2014;272:635–654. [PMC free article][PubMed] [Google Scho- lar] [Ref list].
Lim JH, Choi D, Kim SH, et al. Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: value of adding delayed phase imaging to dual-phase helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;179(1):67–73. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar.
Chernyak V, Fowler KJ, Kamaya A, et al. Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) Version 2018: Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in At-Risk Patients. Radiology. 2018 Dec;289(3):816-830. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2018181494. Epub 2018 Sep 25. PMID: 30251931; PMCID: PMC6677371.
Kondo T, Fujiwara K, Nakagawa M, et al. The efficacy of contrast-enhanced computed tomography on the management of gastroesophageal varices in patients with hepato- cellular carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2022 Dec 1;12(1):20726. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25350- 8. PMID: 36456830; PMCID: PMC9715668.
Chan LWC, Wong SCC, Cho WCS, et al. Primary Tumor Radiomic Model for Identif- ying Extrahepatic Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Contrast Enhan- ced Computed Tomography. Diagnostics. 2023; 13(1):102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ diagnostics13010102
Rimola J, Forner A, Tremosini S, et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcino- ma ≤ 2 cm in cirrhosis. Diagnostic accuracy assessing fat, capsule and signal intensity at dynamic MRI. J Hepatol. 2012 Jun;56(6):1317-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.01.004. Epub 2012 Feb 4. PMID: 22314420
Kudo M, Matsui O, Izumi N, et al. Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan Surveillance and diagnostic algorithm for hepatocellular carcinoma proposed by the Liver Can- cer Study Group of Japan: 2014 update. Oncology. 2014;87(Suppl 1):7–21. [Pub- Med] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Saito K, Kotake F, Ito N, et al. Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MRI for hepatocellular carci- noma: quantitative evaluation of tumor enhance- ment in hepatobiliary phase. Magn Reson Med Sci 2005;4(1):1–9.
Kitao A, Zen Y, Matsui O, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: signal intensity at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR Imaging--correlation with molecular transporters and histopat- hologic features. Radiology. 2010 Sep;256(3):817-26. doi: 10.1148/radiol.10092214. Epub 2010 Jul 27. PMID: 20663969.
Choi JY, Lee JM, Sirlin CB. CT and MR imaging diagnosis and staging of hepato- cellular carcinoma. Part II. Extracellular agents, hepatobiliary agents, and ancillary imaging features. Radiology 2014; 273:30–50.
Ringe KI, Husarik DB, Sirlin CB, et al. Gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI of the liver: part 1, protocol optimization and lesion appearance in the noncirrhotic liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 195:13–28.
Ichikawa S, Goshima S. Clinical Significance of Liver MR Imaging. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2023 Apr 1;22(2):157-175. doi: 10.2463/mrms.rev.2022-0100. Epub 2023 Feb 1. PMID: 36725068; PMCID: PMC10086396
Bae JS, Kim JH, Lee DH, et al. Hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI in patients with HCC: prognostic features before resection, ablation, or TACE. Eur Radiol. 2021;31(6):3627–3637. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07499-w. [PubMed] [Cros- sRef] [Google Scholar]
Kang TW, Rhim H, Lee J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging with gadoxetic acid for local tumour progression after radiofrequency ablation in patients with hepatocel- lular carcinoma. Eur Radiol. 2016;26(10):3437–3446. doi: 10.1007/s00330-015-4190-5. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/RADS/LI-RADS/LI-RADS-2018-Core.pdf
Vauthey JN, Klimstra D, Blumgart LH. A simplified staging system for hepatocellular carcinomas. Gastroenterology 1995;108(2):617–618. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Pons F, Varela M, Llovet JM. Staging systems in hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB (Ox- ford). 2005;7(1):35-41. doi: 10.1080/13651820410024058. PMID: 18333159; PMCID: PMC2023920
Llovet JM, Bru C, Bruix J: Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis 1999;19: 329–338
Bruix J, Sherman M; Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepato- logy 2005;42(5):1208–1236. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Kim BK, Kim SU, Park JY, et al. Applicability of BCLC stage for prognostic stratifica- tion in comparison with other staging systems: single centre experience from long- term clinical outcomes of 1717 treatment-naïve patients with hepatocellular carcino- ma. Liver Int2012;32(7):1120–1127. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Pomfret EA, Washburn K, Wald C, et al. Report of a national conference on liver allocation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Liver Transpl 2010;16(3):262–278. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepato- cellular carcinoma: 2018 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;68(2):723–750. doi: 10.1002/hep.29913. [Pub- Med] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: The 2022 update. J Hepatol. 2022;76(3):681–693. doi: 10.1016/j. jhep.2021.11.018. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Nault J-C, Sutter O, Nahon P, et al. Percutaneous treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: State of the art and innovations. J Hepatol 2018;68:783–97. 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.004. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Ferrer-Fàbrega J, Forner A, Liccioni A, et al. Prospective validation of ab initio liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma upon detection of risk factors for re- currence after resection. Hepatology 2016;63:839–49. 10.1002/hep.28339. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Pompili M, Saviano A, de Matthaeis N, et al. Long-term effectiveness of resection and radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma ≤3 cm. Results of a mul- ticenter Italian survey. J Hepatol 2013;59:89–97. 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.009. [Pub- Med] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] Eğer transplantasyon
Forner A, Gilabert M, Bruix J, et al. Heterogeneity of intermediate-stage HCC necessi- tates personalized management including surgery. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;12:10–10. 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.122-c2. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Raoul J-L, Forner A, Bolondi L, et al. Updated use of TACE for hepatocellular carci- noma treatment: How and when to use it based on clinical evidence. Cancer Treat Rev 2019;Jan;72:28–36. 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.11.002. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list].
Galle PR, Tovoli F, Foerster F, et al. The treatment of intermediate stage tumours be- yond TACE: From surgery to systemic therapy. J Hepatol2017;67:173–83. 10.1016/j. jhep.2017.03.007. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Kim TH, Woo S, Joo I, et al. LI-RADS treatment response algorithm for detecting incomplete necrosis in hepatocellular carcinoma after locoregional treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis using individual patient data. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021; 46:3717–3728. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Global Cancer Observatory. (2 Temmuz 2023 tarihinde http://globocan.iarc.fr/Default. aspx adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Jiang Y, Han Q, Zhao H, et al. The Mechanisms of HBV-Induced Hepatocellular Carci- noma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 2021;8:435–450. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Go- ogle Scholar]
Khatun M, Ray R, Ray RB. Hepatitis C virus associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Adv Cancer Res. 2021;149:103–142.[PubMed] [Google Scholar
Rumgay, H.; Shield, K.; Charvat, H.; et al. Global burden of cancer in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: A population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2021, 22, 1071–1080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tang, A, Hallouch, O, Chernyak, at al. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: target population for surveillance and diagnosis. Abdominal Radiology (NY). 2018, 43(1), 13-25.
Marrero, J.A.; Kulik, L.M.; Sirlin, C.B et al. Diagnosis, Staging, and Management of He- patocellular Carcinoma: 2018 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2018, 68, 723–750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Galle, P.R.; Forner, A.; Llovet, J.M.; et al. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Manage- ment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol. 2018, 69, 182–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Omata, M.; Cheng, A.-L.; Kokudo, N. et al. Asia–Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: A 2017 update. Hepatol. Int. 2017, 11, 317–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Masch, W.R.; Kampalath, R.; Parikh, N et al. Imaging of treatment response during systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom. Radiol. 2021, 46, 3625–3633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Chartampilas E, Rafailidis V, Georgopoulou V et al. Current Imaging Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers. 2022; 14(16):3997. https://doi.org/10.3390/can- cers14163997
Sparchez Z, Craciun R, Caraiani C, et al. Ultrasound or Sectional Imaging Techniques as Screening Tools for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Fall Forward or Move Forward? Jour- nal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(5):903. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10050903
Tanaka, H. Current role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Med. Ultrason. 2020, 47, 239–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Heimbach, J.K.; Kulik, L.M.; Finn, R.S.; et al AASLD guidelines for the treatment of he- patocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2018, 67, 358–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
European Association for the Study of the Liver; European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcino- ma. J Hepatol. 2018;69:182–236. [PubMed] [Google Scholar][Ref list]
Kokudo N, Takemura N, Hasegawa K, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hepatocel- lular carcinoma: The Japan Society of Hepatology 2017 (4th JSH-HCC guidelines) 2019 update. Hepatol. Res. 2019, 49, 1109–1113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Omata M, Cheng A.-L., Kokudo N, et al. Asia–Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: A 2017 update. Hepatol. Int. 2017, 11, 317–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
Vogel A, Cervantes A, Chau I, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Prac- tice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 2018, 29, iv238– iv255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Rapaccini GL, Pompili M, Caturelli E, et al. Hepatocellular carcinomas <2 cm in di- ameter complicating cirrhosis: ultrasound and clinical features in 153 consecutive patients. Liver Int. 2004 Apr;24(2):124-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2004.0903.x. PMID: 15078476.
Yu NC, Chaudhari V, Raman SS, et al. CT and MRI improve detection of hepatocellular carcinoma, compared with ultrasound alone, in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastro- enterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 161–167. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2010.09.017.
Guarneri V, Loggi E, Serra C, et al. Diagnostic performance of PIVKA-II in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2020;73:S631–S632.
Mohamed AA, Ghanem HM, Kamal MM, et al. Dickkopf-1 and β-catenin as biomarkers for early diagnosis of hepato-cellular carcinoma. CCTR. 2020;16(2):136–
144. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
Shaker MK, Attia FM, Hassan AA, et al. Evaluation of golgi protein 73 (GP73) as a poten- tial biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Lab. 2020;66(8). [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar] doi: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2020.190911. PMID: 32776730.
Sun B, Huang Z, Wang B, et al. Significance of glypican-3 (GPC3) expression in he- patocellular cancer diagnosis. Med Sci Monit. 2017;23:850–855. [Crossref], [Pub- Med], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Prorok PC, Marcus PM. Cancer screening trials: nuts and bolts. Semin Oncol. 2010 Jun;37(3):216-23. doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.05.009. PMID: 20709206; PMCID: PMC2923646. 26).
Marelli C. Preliminary experience with NC100100, a new ultrasound contrast agent for intravenous injection. Eur Radiol. 1999;9:S343–S346346.
Numata K, Luo W, Morimoto M, et al. Contrast enhanced ultrasound of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Radiol. 2010;2:68–82.
Choi JY, Lee JM, Sirlin CB. CT and MR imaging diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma: part I. Development, growth, and spread: key pathologic and imaging aspects. Radiology. 2014;272:635–654. [PMC free article][PubMed] [Google Scho- lar] [Ref list].
Lim JH, Choi D, Kim SH, et al. Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: value of adding delayed phase imaging to dual-phase helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;179(1):67–73. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar.
Chernyak V, Fowler KJ, Kamaya A, et al. Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) Version 2018: Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in At-Risk Patients. Radiology. 2018 Dec;289(3):816-830. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2018181494. Epub 2018 Sep 25. PMID: 30251931; PMCID: PMC6677371.
Kondo T, Fujiwara K, Nakagawa M, et al. The efficacy of contrast-enhanced computed tomography on the management of gastroesophageal varices in patients with hepato- cellular carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2022 Dec 1;12(1):20726. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25350- 8. PMID: 36456830; PMCID: PMC9715668.
Chan LWC, Wong SCC, Cho WCS, et al. Primary Tumor Radiomic Model for Identif- ying Extrahepatic Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Contrast Enhan- ced Computed Tomography. Diagnostics. 2023; 13(1):102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ diagnostics13010102
Rimola J, Forner A, Tremosini S, et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcino- ma ≤ 2 cm in cirrhosis. Diagnostic accuracy assessing fat, capsule and signal intensity at dynamic MRI. J Hepatol. 2012 Jun;56(6):1317-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.01.004. Epub 2012 Feb 4. PMID: 22314420
Kudo M, Matsui O, Izumi N, et al. Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan Surveillance and diagnostic algorithm for hepatocellular carcinoma proposed by the Liver Can- cer Study Group of Japan: 2014 update. Oncology. 2014;87(Suppl 1):7–21. [Pub- Med] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Saito K, Kotake F, Ito N, et al. Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MRI for hepatocellular carci- noma: quantitative evaluation of tumor enhance- ment in hepatobiliary phase. Magn Reson Med Sci 2005;4(1):1–9.
Kitao A, Zen Y, Matsui O, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: signal intensity at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR Imaging--correlation with molecular transporters and histopat- hologic features. Radiology. 2010 Sep;256(3):817-26. doi: 10.1148/radiol.10092214. Epub 2010 Jul 27. PMID: 20663969.
Choi JY, Lee JM, Sirlin CB. CT and MR imaging diagnosis and staging of hepato- cellular carcinoma. Part II. Extracellular agents, hepatobiliary agents, and ancillary imaging features. Radiology 2014; 273:30–50.
Ringe KI, Husarik DB, Sirlin CB, et al. Gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI of the liver: part 1, protocol optimization and lesion appearance in the noncirrhotic liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 195:13–28.
Ichikawa S, Goshima S. Clinical Significance of Liver MR Imaging. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2023 Apr 1;22(2):157-175. doi: 10.2463/mrms.rev.2022-0100. Epub 2023 Feb 1. PMID: 36725068; PMCID: PMC10086396
Bae JS, Kim JH, Lee DH, et al. Hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI in patients with HCC: prognostic features before resection, ablation, or TACE. Eur Radiol. 2021;31(6):3627–3637. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07499-w. [PubMed] [Cros- sRef] [Google Scholar]
Kang TW, Rhim H, Lee J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging with gadoxetic acid for local tumour progression after radiofrequency ablation in patients with hepatocel- lular carcinoma. Eur Radiol. 2016;26(10):3437–3446. doi: 10.1007/s00330-015-4190-5. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/RADS/LI-RADS/LI-RADS-2018-Core.pdf
Vauthey JN, Klimstra D, Blumgart LH. A simplified staging system for hepatocellular carcinomas. Gastroenterology 1995;108(2):617–618. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Pons F, Varela M, Llovet JM. Staging systems in hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB (Ox- ford). 2005;7(1):35-41. doi: 10.1080/13651820410024058. PMID: 18333159; PMCID: PMC2023920
Llovet JM, Bru C, Bruix J: Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis 1999;19: 329–338
Bruix J, Sherman M; Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepato- logy 2005;42(5):1208–1236. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Kim BK, Kim SU, Park JY, et al. Applicability of BCLC stage for prognostic stratifica- tion in comparison with other staging systems: single centre experience from long- term clinical outcomes of 1717 treatment-naïve patients with hepatocellular carcino- ma. Liver Int2012;32(7):1120–1127. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Pomfret EA, Washburn K, Wald C, et al. Report of a national conference on liver allocation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Liver Transpl 2010;16(3):262–278. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepato- cellular carcinoma: 2018 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;68(2):723–750. doi: 10.1002/hep.29913. [Pub- Med] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: The 2022 update. J Hepatol. 2022;76(3):681–693. doi: 10.1016/j. jhep.2021.11.018. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Nault J-C, Sutter O, Nahon P, et al. Percutaneous treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: State of the art and innovations. J Hepatol 2018;68:783–97. 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.004. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Ferrer-Fàbrega J, Forner A, Liccioni A, et al. Prospective validation of ab initio liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma upon detection of risk factors for re- currence after resection. Hepatology 2016;63:839–49. 10.1002/hep.28339. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Pompili M, Saviano A, de Matthaeis N, et al. Long-term effectiveness of resection and radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma ≤3 cm. Results of a mul- ticenter Italian survey. J Hepatol 2013;59:89–97. 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.009. [Pub- Med] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] Eğer transplantasyon
Forner A, Gilabert M, Bruix J, et al. Heterogeneity of intermediate-stage HCC necessi- tates personalized management including surgery. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;12:10–10. 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.122-c2. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Raoul J-L, Forner A, Bolondi L, et al. Updated use of TACE for hepatocellular carci- noma treatment: How and when to use it based on clinical evidence. Cancer Treat Rev 2019;Jan;72:28–36. 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.11.002. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list].
Galle PR, Tovoli F, Foerster F, et al. The treatment of intermediate stage tumours be- yond TACE: From surgery to systemic therapy. J Hepatol2017;67:173–83. 10.1016/j. jhep.2017.03.007. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Kim TH, Woo S, Joo I, et al. LI-RADS treatment response algorithm for detecting incomplete necrosis in hepatocellular carcinoma after locoregional treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis using individual patient data. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021; 46:3717–3728. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
Sayfalar
191-208
Yayınlanan
9 Kasım 2023
Telif Hakkı (c) 2023 Akademisyen Kitap Portalı
Lisans
LisansNasıl Atıf Yapılır
1.
Altan Kuş A. Hepatosellüler Karsinom; Görüntüleme Bulguları, Lı-Rads ve Evreleme. Içinde: Alabaz Ö, editör. Güncel Genel Cerrahi Çalışmaları V [Internet]. Türkiye: Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap DOI Portalı; 2023 [a.yer 14 Temmuz 2026]. ss. 191-208. Erişim adresi: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/2830/chapter/12741
