Meme Kanserinden Korunmada Yaşam Tarzının Önemi
Özet
Meme kanseri, yetişkinler arasında en yaygın kanserdir. Her yıl 2,3 milyondan fazla meme kanseri vakası görülmektedir. Ülkelerin %95’inde meme kanseri, kadın kanser ölümlerinin birinci veya ikinci önde gelen nedenidir. Meme kanserinden korunma yaşam tarzını değiştirmekle mümkündür. Hastaların yaşam tarzlarında değiştirilebilen birçok önemli risk faktörünün meme kanserinden korunmada etkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu faktörler arasında güçlü etkilere sahip olan; sosyo-ekonomik durum, fazla kilo, fiziksel aktivite, beslenme ve alkol yer almaktadır. Bu derlemede bahsi geçen risk faktörlerinin önemi ve değişikliğinin rolü incelenmiştir.
Referanslar
WHO, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü kansere genel bakış 2023. (20/02/2023 tarihinde https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
WHO, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü meme kanseri için yeni yol haritası 2022. (10/02/2023 tarihinde https://www.who.int/news/item/03-02-2023-who-launches-new-roadmap-on-breast-cancer adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Guida F, Kidman R, Ferlay J, et al. Global and regional estimates of orphans attributed to maternal cancer mortality in 2020. Nat Med. 2022;28(12):2563-2572. doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02109-2
World Cancer Research Fund, Cancer Prevention Recommendations 2023 (18/11/2022 tarihinde https://www.wcrf.org/diet-activity-and-cancer/cancer-prevention-recommendations/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Hashemi SH, Karimi S, Mahboobi H. Lifestyle changes for prevention of breast cancer. Electron Physician. 2014;6(3):894-905. doi:10.14661/2014.894-905
Jia T, Liu Y, Fan Y, Wang L, Jiang E. Association of Healthy Diet and Physical Activity With Breast Cancer: Lifestyle Interventions and Oncology Education. Front Public Health. 2022;10:797794. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.797794
Cancer Prevention Recommendations | World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Expert Report. Recommendations and public health and policy implications 2018. (12/01/2023 tarihinde https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Rock CL, Thomson C, Gansler T, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for diet and physical activity for cancer prevention. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(4):245-271. doi:10.3322/caac.21591
Cifu G, Arem H. Adherence to lifestyle-related cancer prevention guidelines and breast cancer incidence and mortality. Ann Epidemiol. 2018;28(11):767-773.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.09.002
Physical activity & cancer | World Cancer Research Fund/ American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Expert Report. Physical activity and the risk of cancer 2018. (18/01/2023 tarihinde https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/exposures/physical-activity adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Pudrovska T, Anishkin A, Shen Y. Early-Life Socioeconomic Status and the Prevalence of Breast Cancer in Later Life. Res Aging. 2012;34(3):302-320. doi:10.1177/0164027511415632.
Chang CM, Yin WY, Wei CK, et al. The association of socioeconomic status and access to low-volume service providers in breast cancer. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e81801. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081801
van Maaren MC, Rachet B, Sonke GS, et al. Socioeconomic status and its relation with breast cancer recurrence and survival in young women in the Netherlands. Cancer Epidemiol. 2022;77:102118. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2022.102118
Travier N, Fonseca-Nunes A, Javierre C, et al. Effect of a diet and physical activity intervention on body weight and nutritional patterns in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors. Med Oncol. 2014;31(1):783. doi:10.1007/s12032-013-0783-5
Young A, Weltzien E, Kwan M, Castillo A, Caan B, Kroenke CH. Pre- to post-diagnosis weight change and associations with physical functional limitations in breast cancer survivors. J Cancer Surviv. 2014;8(4):539-547. doi:10.1007/s11764-014-0356-4
van den Brandt PA, Ziegler RG, Wang M, et al. Body size and weight change over adulthood and risk of breast cancer by menopausal and hormone receptor status: a pooled analysis of 20 prospective cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021;36(1):37-55. doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00688-3
Iyengar NM, Arthur R, Manson JE, et al. Association of Body Fat and Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women With Normal Body Mass Index: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial and Observational Study. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(2):155-163. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.5327
Chan DSM, Abar L, Cariolou M, et al. World Cancer Research Fund International: Continuous Update Project-systematic literature review and meta-analysis of observational cohort studies on physical activity, sedentary behavior, adiposity, and weight change and breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2019;30(11):1183-1200. doi:10.1007/s10552-019-01223-w
Tran TXM, Kim S, Song H, Ryu S, Chang Y, Park B. Consecutive gain and loss in body weight and waist circumference with risk of subsequent breast cancer in Korean women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46(10):1742-1748. doi:10.1038/s41366-022-01173-5
Ellingjord-Dale M, Christakoudi S, Weiderpass E, et al. Long-term weight change and risk of breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Int J Epidemiol. 2022;50(6):1914-1926. doi:10.1093/ije/dyab032
Fang Z, Giovannucci EL. The timing of adiposity and changes in the life course on the risk of cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2022;41(3):471-489. doi:10.1007/s10555-022-10054-2
Dixon-Suen SC, Lewis SJ, Martin RM, et al. Physical activity, sedentary time and breast cancer risk: a Mendelian randomisation study. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56(20):1157-1170. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-105132
Laudisio D, Castellucci B, Barrea L, et al. Mediterranean diet and breast cancer risk: a narrative review. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino). 2021;46(4):441-452. doi:10.23736/S2724-6507.20.03266-6
Georgia-Eirini D, Athina S, Wim VB, Christos K, Theodoros C. Natural Products from Mediterranean Diet: From Anti-hyperlipidemic Agents to Dietary Epigenetic Modulators. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2019;20(10):825-844. doi:10.2174/1573407215666190628150921
Deng FE, Shivappa N, Tang Y, Mann JR, Hebert JR. Association between diet-related inflammation, all-cause, all-cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality, with special focus on prediabetics: findings from NHANES III. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(3):1085-1093. doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1158-4
Moral R, Escrich E. Influence of Olive Oil and Its Components on Breast Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms. Molecules. 2022;27(2):477. doi:10.3390/molecules27020477
Divella R, Daniele A, Savino E, Paradiso A. Anticancer Effects of Nutraceuticals in the Mediterranean Diet: An Epigenetic Diet Model. Cancer Genomics Proteomics. 2020;17(4):335-350. doi:10.21873/cgp.20193
Leri M, Scuto M, Ontario ML, et al. Healthy Effects of Plant Polyphenols: Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(4):1250. doi:10.3390/ijms21041250
World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective; World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research: Washington, DC, USA, 2018.
Xie M, Liu J, Tsao R, Wang Z, Sun B, Wang J. Whole Grain Consumption for the Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1769. doi:10.3390/nu11081769
Dreher, M.L. Dietary Patterns, Whole Plant Foods, Nutrients and Phytochemicals in Breast Cancer Prevention and Management. In Dietary Patterns and Whole Plant Foods in Aging and Disease; Dreher, M.L., Ed.; Humana Press: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp. 557–609.
Khan SI, Aumsuwan P, Khan IA, Walker LA, Dasmahapatra AK. Epigenetic events associated with breast cancer and their prevention by dietary components targeting the epigenome. Chem Res Toxicol. 2012;25(1):61-73. doi:10.1021/tx200378c
Xiao Y, Ke Y, Wu S, et al. Association between whole grain intake and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr J. 2018;17(1):87. doi:10.1186/s12937-018-0394-2
Mourouti N, Kontogianni MD, Papavagelis C, et al. Whole Grain Consumption and Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2016;35(2):143-149. doi:10.1080/07315724.2014.963899
Lu F, Kuhnle GK, Cheng Q. The effect of common spices and meat type on the formation of heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in deep-fried meatballs. Food Control. 2018;92:399– 411. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.018
Ganesan K, Xu B. Deep frying cooking oils promote the high risk of metastases in the breast-A critical review. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020;144:111648. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111648
Alsubait A, Aldossary W, Rashid M, et al. Cyp1b1 gene: implications in glaucoma and cancer. J Cancer. (2020) 11:4652. doi: 10.7150/jca.42669
Farvid MS, Sidahmed E, Spence ND, et al. Consumption of red meat and processed meat and cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021;36(9):937-951. doi:10.1007/s10654-021-00741-9
Shin S, Fu J, Shin WK, et al. Association of food groups and dietary pattern with breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2023;42(3):282-297. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.01.003
Freudenheim JL. Alcohol’s effects on breast cancer in women. Alcohol Res. 2020;40(2):11. doi: 10.35946/arcr.v40.2.11
Starek-Świechowicz B, Budziszewska B, Starek A. Alcohol and breast cancer. Pharmacol Rep. 2023;75(1):69-84. doi:10.1007/s43440-022-00426-4
Zhou X, Yu L, Wang L, et al. Alcohol consumption, blood DNA methylation and breast cancer: a Mendelian randomisation study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2022;37(7):701-712. doi:10.1007/s10654-022-00886-1
International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans 2020. (16/02/2023 tarihinde http://www.iarc.who.int/adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Assi N, Rinaldi S, Viallon V, et al. Mediation analysis of the alcohol-postmenopausal breast cancer relationship by sex hormanes in the EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer. 2020;146(3):759–68. doi.org/10.1002/ijc.323424.
Byrne S, Boyle T, Ahmed M, Lee SH, Benyamin B, Hyppönen E. Lifestyle, genetic risk and incidence of cancer: a prospective cohort study of 13 cancer types. Int J Epidemiol. 2023;dyac238. doi:10.1093/ije/dyac238
Peng H, Wang S, Wang M, et al. Lifestyle Factors, Genetic Risk, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Prospective Cohort Study in UK Biobank. Nutrients. 2023;15(4):864. doi:10.3390/nu15040864
World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Expert Report: Alcoholic Drinks and the Risk of Cancer. World Cancer Research Fund International 2018. (27/02/2023 tarihinde https://www.wcrf.org/int/continuous-update-project. adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Balaam S, Bailey TG, Anderson D, Retell J, McCarthy AL. Alcohol and Breast Cancer: Results From the Women's Wellness After Cancer Program Randomized Controlled Trial. Cancer Nurs. 2022;45(2):87-95. doi:10.1097/NCC.0000000000000956
WHO, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü meme kanseri için yeni yol haritası 2022. (10/02/2023 tarihinde https://www.who.int/news/item/03-02-2023-who-launches-new-roadmap-on-breast-cancer adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Guida F, Kidman R, Ferlay J, et al. Global and regional estimates of orphans attributed to maternal cancer mortality in 2020. Nat Med. 2022;28(12):2563-2572. doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02109-2
World Cancer Research Fund, Cancer Prevention Recommendations 2023 (18/11/2022 tarihinde https://www.wcrf.org/diet-activity-and-cancer/cancer-prevention-recommendations/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Hashemi SH, Karimi S, Mahboobi H. Lifestyle changes for prevention of breast cancer. Electron Physician. 2014;6(3):894-905. doi:10.14661/2014.894-905
Jia T, Liu Y, Fan Y, Wang L, Jiang E. Association of Healthy Diet and Physical Activity With Breast Cancer: Lifestyle Interventions and Oncology Education. Front Public Health. 2022;10:797794. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.797794
Cancer Prevention Recommendations | World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Expert Report. Recommendations and public health and policy implications 2018. (12/01/2023 tarihinde https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Rock CL, Thomson C, Gansler T, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for diet and physical activity for cancer prevention. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(4):245-271. doi:10.3322/caac.21591
Cifu G, Arem H. Adherence to lifestyle-related cancer prevention guidelines and breast cancer incidence and mortality. Ann Epidemiol. 2018;28(11):767-773.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.09.002
Physical activity & cancer | World Cancer Research Fund/ American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Expert Report. Physical activity and the risk of cancer 2018. (18/01/2023 tarihinde https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/exposures/physical-activity adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Pudrovska T, Anishkin A, Shen Y. Early-Life Socioeconomic Status and the Prevalence of Breast Cancer in Later Life. Res Aging. 2012;34(3):302-320. doi:10.1177/0164027511415632.
Chang CM, Yin WY, Wei CK, et al. The association of socioeconomic status and access to low-volume service providers in breast cancer. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e81801. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081801
van Maaren MC, Rachet B, Sonke GS, et al. Socioeconomic status and its relation with breast cancer recurrence and survival in young women in the Netherlands. Cancer Epidemiol. 2022;77:102118. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2022.102118
Travier N, Fonseca-Nunes A, Javierre C, et al. Effect of a diet and physical activity intervention on body weight and nutritional patterns in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors. Med Oncol. 2014;31(1):783. doi:10.1007/s12032-013-0783-5
Young A, Weltzien E, Kwan M, Castillo A, Caan B, Kroenke CH. Pre- to post-diagnosis weight change and associations with physical functional limitations in breast cancer survivors. J Cancer Surviv. 2014;8(4):539-547. doi:10.1007/s11764-014-0356-4
van den Brandt PA, Ziegler RG, Wang M, et al. Body size and weight change over adulthood and risk of breast cancer by menopausal and hormone receptor status: a pooled analysis of 20 prospective cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021;36(1):37-55. doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00688-3
Iyengar NM, Arthur R, Manson JE, et al. Association of Body Fat and Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women With Normal Body Mass Index: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial and Observational Study. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(2):155-163. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.5327
Chan DSM, Abar L, Cariolou M, et al. World Cancer Research Fund International: Continuous Update Project-systematic literature review and meta-analysis of observational cohort studies on physical activity, sedentary behavior, adiposity, and weight change and breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2019;30(11):1183-1200. doi:10.1007/s10552-019-01223-w
Tran TXM, Kim S, Song H, Ryu S, Chang Y, Park B. Consecutive gain and loss in body weight and waist circumference with risk of subsequent breast cancer in Korean women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46(10):1742-1748. doi:10.1038/s41366-022-01173-5
Ellingjord-Dale M, Christakoudi S, Weiderpass E, et al. Long-term weight change and risk of breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Int J Epidemiol. 2022;50(6):1914-1926. doi:10.1093/ije/dyab032
Fang Z, Giovannucci EL. The timing of adiposity and changes in the life course on the risk of cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2022;41(3):471-489. doi:10.1007/s10555-022-10054-2
Dixon-Suen SC, Lewis SJ, Martin RM, et al. Physical activity, sedentary time and breast cancer risk: a Mendelian randomisation study. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56(20):1157-1170. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-105132
Laudisio D, Castellucci B, Barrea L, et al. Mediterranean diet and breast cancer risk: a narrative review. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino). 2021;46(4):441-452. doi:10.23736/S2724-6507.20.03266-6
Georgia-Eirini D, Athina S, Wim VB, Christos K, Theodoros C. Natural Products from Mediterranean Diet: From Anti-hyperlipidemic Agents to Dietary Epigenetic Modulators. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2019;20(10):825-844. doi:10.2174/1573407215666190628150921
Deng FE, Shivappa N, Tang Y, Mann JR, Hebert JR. Association between diet-related inflammation, all-cause, all-cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality, with special focus on prediabetics: findings from NHANES III. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(3):1085-1093. doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1158-4
Moral R, Escrich E. Influence of Olive Oil and Its Components on Breast Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms. Molecules. 2022;27(2):477. doi:10.3390/molecules27020477
Divella R, Daniele A, Savino E, Paradiso A. Anticancer Effects of Nutraceuticals in the Mediterranean Diet: An Epigenetic Diet Model. Cancer Genomics Proteomics. 2020;17(4):335-350. doi:10.21873/cgp.20193
Leri M, Scuto M, Ontario ML, et al. Healthy Effects of Plant Polyphenols: Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(4):1250. doi:10.3390/ijms21041250
World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective; World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research: Washington, DC, USA, 2018.
Xie M, Liu J, Tsao R, Wang Z, Sun B, Wang J. Whole Grain Consumption for the Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1769. doi:10.3390/nu11081769
Dreher, M.L. Dietary Patterns, Whole Plant Foods, Nutrients and Phytochemicals in Breast Cancer Prevention and Management. In Dietary Patterns and Whole Plant Foods in Aging and Disease; Dreher, M.L., Ed.; Humana Press: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp. 557–609.
Khan SI, Aumsuwan P, Khan IA, Walker LA, Dasmahapatra AK. Epigenetic events associated with breast cancer and their prevention by dietary components targeting the epigenome. Chem Res Toxicol. 2012;25(1):61-73. doi:10.1021/tx200378c
Xiao Y, Ke Y, Wu S, et al. Association between whole grain intake and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr J. 2018;17(1):87. doi:10.1186/s12937-018-0394-2
Mourouti N, Kontogianni MD, Papavagelis C, et al. Whole Grain Consumption and Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2016;35(2):143-149. doi:10.1080/07315724.2014.963899
Lu F, Kuhnle GK, Cheng Q. The effect of common spices and meat type on the formation of heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in deep-fried meatballs. Food Control. 2018;92:399– 411. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.018
Ganesan K, Xu B. Deep frying cooking oils promote the high risk of metastases in the breast-A critical review. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020;144:111648. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111648
Alsubait A, Aldossary W, Rashid M, et al. Cyp1b1 gene: implications in glaucoma and cancer. J Cancer. (2020) 11:4652. doi: 10.7150/jca.42669
Farvid MS, Sidahmed E, Spence ND, et al. Consumption of red meat and processed meat and cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021;36(9):937-951. doi:10.1007/s10654-021-00741-9
Shin S, Fu J, Shin WK, et al. Association of food groups and dietary pattern with breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2023;42(3):282-297. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.01.003
Freudenheim JL. Alcohol’s effects on breast cancer in women. Alcohol Res. 2020;40(2):11. doi: 10.35946/arcr.v40.2.11
Starek-Świechowicz B, Budziszewska B, Starek A. Alcohol and breast cancer. Pharmacol Rep. 2023;75(1):69-84. doi:10.1007/s43440-022-00426-4
Zhou X, Yu L, Wang L, et al. Alcohol consumption, blood DNA methylation and breast cancer: a Mendelian randomisation study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2022;37(7):701-712. doi:10.1007/s10654-022-00886-1
International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans 2020. (16/02/2023 tarihinde http://www.iarc.who.int/adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Assi N, Rinaldi S, Viallon V, et al. Mediation analysis of the alcohol-postmenopausal breast cancer relationship by sex hormanes in the EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer. 2020;146(3):759–68. doi.org/10.1002/ijc.323424.
Byrne S, Boyle T, Ahmed M, Lee SH, Benyamin B, Hyppönen E. Lifestyle, genetic risk and incidence of cancer: a prospective cohort study of 13 cancer types. Int J Epidemiol. 2023;dyac238. doi:10.1093/ije/dyac238
Peng H, Wang S, Wang M, et al. Lifestyle Factors, Genetic Risk, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Prospective Cohort Study in UK Biobank. Nutrients. 2023;15(4):864. doi:10.3390/nu15040864
World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Expert Report: Alcoholic Drinks and the Risk of Cancer. World Cancer Research Fund International 2018. (27/02/2023 tarihinde https://www.wcrf.org/int/continuous-update-project. adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Balaam S, Bailey TG, Anderson D, Retell J, McCarthy AL. Alcohol and Breast Cancer: Results From the Women's Wellness After Cancer Program Randomized Controlled Trial. Cancer Nurs. 2022;45(2):87-95. doi:10.1097/NCC.0000000000000956
Sayfalar
53-62
Yayınlanan
10 Nisan 2023
Telif Hakkı (c) 2023 Akademisyen Kitap Portalı
Lisans
LisansNasıl Atıf Yapılır
1.
Akduran F. Meme Kanserinden Korunmada Yaşam Tarzının Önemi. Içinde: Eti Aslan F, editör. Güncel Hemşirelik Çalışmaları V [Internet]. Türkiye: Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap DOI Portalı; 2023 [a.yer 15 Temmuz 2026]. ss. 53-62. Erişim adresi: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/2542/chapter/12870
