Metabolizma ve Enerji Dengesi
References
Arslan A. Metabolizmaya Genel Bakış, Anabolizma ve Katabolizma. In: Sağlık Bilimleri için Biyokimya. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2020. p.13–22.
Engelhardt W, Breves G, Diener M, Gäbel G. Veteriner fizyoloji. (Öztürk H, Çev. Ed.). Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2019. p. 482–492.
Gürdöl F. Tıbbi Biyokimya. 5. baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2021.
Chandel NS. Carbohydrate metabolism. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2021;13(1):a040568.
Mergenthaler P, Lindauer U, Dienel GA, et al. Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function. Trends in Neurosciences, 2013;36(10):587–597.
Patino SC, Orrick JA. Biochemistry – Glycogenolysis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549820/
Liu H, Wang S, Wang J, et al. Energy metabolism in health and diseases. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 2025;10(1):69.
Ahmad M, Wolberg A, Kahwaji CI. Biochemistry, electron transport chain. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018.
Melkonian EA, Schury MP. Biochemistry, anaerobic glycolysis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. 2019.
Arnold PK, Finley LW. Regulation and function of the mammalian tricarboxylic acid cycle. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2023;299(2).
Alabduladhem TO, Bordoni B. Physiology, Krebs cycle. In: StatPearls [Internet]. 2022.
Deshpande OA, Mohiuddin SS. Biochemistry, oxidative phosphorylation. In: StatPearls [Internet]. 2023.
Nolfi-Donegan D, Braganza A, Shiva S. Mitochondrial electron transport chain: oxidative phosphorylation, oxidant production, and methods of measurement. Redox Biology, 2020;37:101674.
Wang G, Zhu Y, Feng D, et al. Hepatic gluconeogenesis and regulatory mechanisms in lactating ruminants: a literature review. Animal Research and One Health, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/aro2.80
Melkonian EA, Asuka E, Schury MP. Physiology, gluconeogenesis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. 2019.
TeSlaa T, Ralser M, Fan J, et al. The pentose phosphate pathway in health and disease. Nature Metabolism, 2023;5(8):1275–1289.
Stincone A, Prigione A, Cramer T, et al. The return of metabolism: biochemistry and physiology of the pentose phosphate pathway. Biological Reviews, 2015;90(3):927–963.
Cockcroft S. Mammalian lipids: structure, synthesis and function. Essays in Biochemistry, 2021;65(5):813–845.
Chandel NS. Lipid Metabolism. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2021;13(9):a040576.
Dukes HH, Reece WO (ed.). Dukes’ Physiology of Domestic Animals. 12th edition. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates / Cornell University Press; 2004. p. 499–588.
Mashima T, Seimiya H, Tsuruo T. De novo fatty-acid synthesis and related pathways as molecular targets for cancer therapy. British Journal of Cancer, 2009;100(9):1369–1372.
Shi Y, Cheng D. Beyond triglyceride synthesis: the dynamic functional roles of MGAT and DGAT enzymes in energy metabolism. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2009;297(1):E10–E18.
Yen CLE, Stone SJ, Koliwad S, et al. Thematic review series: glycerolipids. DGAT enzymes and triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Journal of Lipid Research, 2008;49(11):2283–2301.
Brasaemle DL. Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. The perilipin family of structural lipid droplet proteins: stabilization of lipid droplets and control of lipolysis. Journal of Lipid Research, 2007;48(12):2547–2559.
Bartlett K, Eaton S. Mitochondrial β-oxidation. European Journal of Biochemistry. 2004;271(3):462–469.
Ringseis R, Keller J, Eder K. Regulation of carnitine status in ruminants and efficacy of carnitine supplementation on performance and health aspects of ruminant livestock: a review. Archives of Animal Nutrition. 2018;72(1):1–30.
Laffel L. Ketone bodies: a review of physiology, pathophysiology and application of monitoring to diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 1999;15(6):412–426.
Faulkner R, Jo Y. Synthesis, function, and regulation of sterol and nonsterol isoprenoids. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 2022;9:1006822.
Di Ciaula A, Garruti G, Baccetto RL, et al. Bile acid physiology. Annals of Hepatology, 2018;16(1):4–14.
Chakraborty S, Pramanik J, Mahata B. Revisiting steroidogenesis and its role in immune regulation with the advanced tools and technologies. Genes & Immunity, 2021;22(3):125–140.
Cook JA. Eicosanoids. Critical Care Medicine. 2005;33(12):S488–S491.
Sanvictores T, Farci F. Biochemistry, primary protein structure. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. Available from: https://europepmc.org/article/NBK/nbk564343.
Klein BG. Veteriner fizyoloji. (Gülay MŞ, Çev. Ed.). 6. baskı. Malatya: Medipress; 2023. p. 361–367.
Wójcik W, Łukasiewicz M, Puppel K. Biogenic amines: formation, action and toxicity – a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2021;101(7):2634–2640.
Cooper AJ. The role of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase in cerebral ammonia homeostasis. Neurochemical Research. 2012;37(11):2439–2455.
Murray RK, Bender DA, Botham KM, Kennelly PJ, Rodwell VW, Weil PA. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 32. baskı. New York: McGraw Hill; 2022. p. 406–408.
Morris JG, Rogers QR. Ammonia intoxication in the near-adult cat as a result of a dietary deficiency of arginine. Science. 1978;199(4327):431–432.
D'Andrea G. Classifying amino acids as gluco (glyco) genic, ketogenic, or both. Biochemical Education, 2000;28(1):27–28.
Bach A, Calsamiglia S, Stern MD. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science, 2005;88:E9–E21.
Tan Z, Murphy MR. Ammonia production, ammonia absorption, and urea recycling in ruminants: a review. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences. 2004;13:389–404.
Geçkil H. Biyokimya I. 1. baskı. Diyarbakır: Dicle Üniversitesi Yayınları; 2009.
Green AS, Fascetti AJ. Meeting the vitamin A requirement: The efficacy and importance of β-carotene in animal species. Journal of Animal Science, 2016(1):7393620.
D’Ambrosio DN, Clugston RD, Blaner WS. Vitamin A metabolism: an update. Nutrients, 2011;3(1):63–103. doi:10.3390/nu3010063.
Schweigert FJ, Ryder OA, Rambeck WA, et al. The majority of vitamin A is transported as retinyl esters in the blood of most carnivores. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Physiology, 1990;95(4):573–578. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(90)90741-a.
Khan RU et al. Pros and cons of dietary vitamin A and its precursors in animals. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023;12(5):1131.
Christakos S, Ajibade DV, Dhawan P, Fechner AJ, Mady LJ. Vitamin D: metabolism. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 2010;39(2):243–253.
Schmölz L, Birringer M, Lorkowski S, et al. Complexity of vitamin E metabolism. World Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2016;7(1):14.
Van Vleet JF, Ferrans VJ. Etiologic factors and pathologic alterations in selenium-vitamin E deficiency and excess in animals and humans. Biological Trace Element Research. 1992;33(1):1–21.
Hauschka PV Lian JB, et al. Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein: vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone. Physiological Reviews, 1989;69(3):990–1047.
Mezick JA Settlemire et al. Erythrocyte membrane interactions with menadione and the mechanism of menadione-induced hemolysis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Biomembranes, 1970;219(2):361–371.
Boyd JW, Walton JR. Cerebrocortical necrosis in ruminants: an attempt to identify the source of thiaminase in affected animals. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 1977;87(4):581–589.
Gonçalves AC, Portari GV. The B-complex vitamins related to energy metabolism and their role in exercise performance: a narrative review. Science & Sports, 2021;36(6):433–440.
Perry CA, Butterick TA. Biotin. Advances in Nutrition. 2024;15(7):100251.
Whitehead CC. The use of biotin in poultry nutrition. World's Poultry Science Journal. 1977;33(3):140–154.
Hanna M, Jaqua E, Nguyen V, et al. Vitamins: functions and uses in medicine. Permanente Journal, 2022;26(2):89–97.
Takahashi-Iñiguez T, García-Hernandez E, Arreguín-Espinosa R, et al. Role of vitamin B12 on methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 2012;13(6):423–437.
Drouin G, Godin JR, Pagé B. The genetics of vitamin C loss in vertebrates. Current Genomics, 2011;12(5):371–378.
Yu E, Sharma S. Physiology, calcium. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482128/
Penido MGM, Alon US. Phosphate homeostasis and its role in bone health. Pediatric Nephrology, 2012;27(11):2039–2048.
Martens H, Rayssiguier Y. Magnesium metabolism and hypomagnesaemia. In: Ruckebusch Y, Thivend P, editors. Digestive physiology and metabolism in ruminants: proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology, held at Clermont-Ferrand, on 3rd–7th September, 1979. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 1980. p. 447–466.
Hannon MJ, Thompson CJ. Neurosurgical hyponatremia. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2014;3(4):1084–1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm3041084
Cengiz Ö, Hess JB, Bilgili SF. Influence of graded levels of dietary sodium on the development of footpad dermatitis in broiler chickens. Poultry Science. 2012;91(10):2325–2330. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02183
Wieth JO, Andersen OS, Brahm J, et al. Chloride-bicarbonate exchange in red blood cells: physiology of transport and chemical modification of binding sites. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 1982;299(1097):383–399.
Sharma S, Hashmi MF, Aggarwal S. Hyperchloremic Acidosis. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2025. PMID: 29493965.
Kettritz R, Loffing J. Potassium homeostasis–Physiology and pharmacology in a clinical context. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2023;249:108489.
Cammack R, Wrigglesworth JM, Baum H. Iron-dependent enzymes in mammalian systems. In: Cook JD, editor. Iron transport and storage. 2024. p. 17–39.
Irmak M, Özcan C. Kobalt ve Kobaltın Koyun Beslemedeki Önemi. In: Biyosağlıkta Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Ankara: İksad Yayınevi; 2022. p.67-76.
Mohammed A, Osman NEHIED, Youssef FG. Review on copper’s functional roles, copper X mineral interactions affecting absorption, tissue storage, and Cu deficiency swayback of small ruminants. ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2016;2(2):1–14.
Borobia M, Villanueva-Saz S, Ruiz de Arcaute, et al. Copper poisoning is a deadly threat to sheep. Animals, 2022;12(18), 2388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182388.
Zicker S, Schoenherr B. The role of iodine in nutrition and metabolism. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian. 2012;34:1–4.
Tucker HF, Salmon WD. Parakeratosis or zinc deficiency disease in the pig. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1955;88(4):613–6.
Holben DH, Smith AM. The diverse role of selenium within selenoproteins: a review. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 1999;99(7):836–843.
Zarczynska K, Sobiech P, Radwinska J, et al. Effects of selenium on animal health. Journal of Elementology, 2013;18(2).
Kleiber M. Body size and metabolic rate. Physiological Reviews. 1947;27(4):511–41.
Hulbert AJ, Else PL. Basal metabolic rate: history, composition, regulation, and usefulness. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 2004;77(6):869–76.
Kaiyala KJ, Ramsay DS. Direct animal calorimetry, the underused gold standard for quantifying the fire of life. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 2011;158(3):252–64.
Moonen HPFX, Beckers KJH, van Zanten ARH. Energy expenditure and indirect calorimetry in critical illness and convalescence: current evidence and practical considerations. Journal of Intensive Care. 2021;9(1):8. doi:10.1186/s40560-021-00524-0.
Andrews T. Ketosis and fatty liver in cattle. In Practice. 1998;20(9):509–513.
Mongini A Van Saun RJ. Pregnancy toxemia in sheep and goats. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 2023;39(2):275–291.
Herdt TH. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance: influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2000;16(2):215–230.
Hoenig M. Comparative aspects of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 2002;197(1–2):221–229.
Mueckler M, Thorens B. The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 2013;34(2–3):121–138.
Deshmukh CD, Jain A, Nahata B. Diabetes mellitus: a review. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 2015;3(3):224–230.
Fédération Européenne de l’Industrie des Aliments pour Animaux Familiers (FEDIAF). Nutritional Guidelines for Complete and Complementary Pet Food for Cats and Dogs. Brussels: FEDIAF; 2024. p. 14–19.
CSIRO Publishing. The Nutrient Requirements of Horses: A Practical Guide. 2007. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing.
Schmidt J, Zsédely E. Nutrition of ruminants. Sopron, Hungary: University of West-Hungary; 2011.
National Research Council (NRC). Nutrient requirements of horses. 6th rev ed. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2007. p. 298–300.
BASF. Vitamins – One of the Most Important Discoveries of the Century. BASF Documentation DC 0002. Animal Nutrition, 6th ed. 2000.
Engelhardt W, Breves G, Diener M, Gäbel G. Veteriner fizyoloji. (Öztürk H, Çev. Ed.). Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2019. p. 482–492.
Gürdöl F. Tıbbi Biyokimya. 5. baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2021.
Chandel NS. Carbohydrate metabolism. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2021;13(1):a040568.
Mergenthaler P, Lindauer U, Dienel GA, et al. Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function. Trends in Neurosciences, 2013;36(10):587–597.
Patino SC, Orrick JA. Biochemistry – Glycogenolysis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549820/
Liu H, Wang S, Wang J, et al. Energy metabolism in health and diseases. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 2025;10(1):69.
Ahmad M, Wolberg A, Kahwaji CI. Biochemistry, electron transport chain. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018.
Melkonian EA, Schury MP. Biochemistry, anaerobic glycolysis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. 2019.
Arnold PK, Finley LW. Regulation and function of the mammalian tricarboxylic acid cycle. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2023;299(2).
Alabduladhem TO, Bordoni B. Physiology, Krebs cycle. In: StatPearls [Internet]. 2022.
Deshpande OA, Mohiuddin SS. Biochemistry, oxidative phosphorylation. In: StatPearls [Internet]. 2023.
Nolfi-Donegan D, Braganza A, Shiva S. Mitochondrial electron transport chain: oxidative phosphorylation, oxidant production, and methods of measurement. Redox Biology, 2020;37:101674.
Wang G, Zhu Y, Feng D, et al. Hepatic gluconeogenesis and regulatory mechanisms in lactating ruminants: a literature review. Animal Research and One Health, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/aro2.80
Melkonian EA, Asuka E, Schury MP. Physiology, gluconeogenesis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. 2019.
TeSlaa T, Ralser M, Fan J, et al. The pentose phosphate pathway in health and disease. Nature Metabolism, 2023;5(8):1275–1289.
Stincone A, Prigione A, Cramer T, et al. The return of metabolism: biochemistry and physiology of the pentose phosphate pathway. Biological Reviews, 2015;90(3):927–963.
Cockcroft S. Mammalian lipids: structure, synthesis and function. Essays in Biochemistry, 2021;65(5):813–845.
Chandel NS. Lipid Metabolism. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2021;13(9):a040576.
Dukes HH, Reece WO (ed.). Dukes’ Physiology of Domestic Animals. 12th edition. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates / Cornell University Press; 2004. p. 499–588.
Mashima T, Seimiya H, Tsuruo T. De novo fatty-acid synthesis and related pathways as molecular targets for cancer therapy. British Journal of Cancer, 2009;100(9):1369–1372.
Shi Y, Cheng D. Beyond triglyceride synthesis: the dynamic functional roles of MGAT and DGAT enzymes in energy metabolism. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2009;297(1):E10–E18.
Yen CLE, Stone SJ, Koliwad S, et al. Thematic review series: glycerolipids. DGAT enzymes and triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Journal of Lipid Research, 2008;49(11):2283–2301.
Brasaemle DL. Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. The perilipin family of structural lipid droplet proteins: stabilization of lipid droplets and control of lipolysis. Journal of Lipid Research, 2007;48(12):2547–2559.
Bartlett K, Eaton S. Mitochondrial β-oxidation. European Journal of Biochemistry. 2004;271(3):462–469.
Ringseis R, Keller J, Eder K. Regulation of carnitine status in ruminants and efficacy of carnitine supplementation on performance and health aspects of ruminant livestock: a review. Archives of Animal Nutrition. 2018;72(1):1–30.
Laffel L. Ketone bodies: a review of physiology, pathophysiology and application of monitoring to diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 1999;15(6):412–426.
Faulkner R, Jo Y. Synthesis, function, and regulation of sterol and nonsterol isoprenoids. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 2022;9:1006822.
Di Ciaula A, Garruti G, Baccetto RL, et al. Bile acid physiology. Annals of Hepatology, 2018;16(1):4–14.
Chakraborty S, Pramanik J, Mahata B. Revisiting steroidogenesis and its role in immune regulation with the advanced tools and technologies. Genes & Immunity, 2021;22(3):125–140.
Cook JA. Eicosanoids. Critical Care Medicine. 2005;33(12):S488–S491.
Sanvictores T, Farci F. Biochemistry, primary protein structure. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. Available from: https://europepmc.org/article/NBK/nbk564343.
Klein BG. Veteriner fizyoloji. (Gülay MŞ, Çev. Ed.). 6. baskı. Malatya: Medipress; 2023. p. 361–367.
Wójcik W, Łukasiewicz M, Puppel K. Biogenic amines: formation, action and toxicity – a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2021;101(7):2634–2640.
Cooper AJ. The role of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase in cerebral ammonia homeostasis. Neurochemical Research. 2012;37(11):2439–2455.
Murray RK, Bender DA, Botham KM, Kennelly PJ, Rodwell VW, Weil PA. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 32. baskı. New York: McGraw Hill; 2022. p. 406–408.
Morris JG, Rogers QR. Ammonia intoxication in the near-adult cat as a result of a dietary deficiency of arginine. Science. 1978;199(4327):431–432.
D'Andrea G. Classifying amino acids as gluco (glyco) genic, ketogenic, or both. Biochemical Education, 2000;28(1):27–28.
Bach A, Calsamiglia S, Stern MD. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science, 2005;88:E9–E21.
Tan Z, Murphy MR. Ammonia production, ammonia absorption, and urea recycling in ruminants: a review. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences. 2004;13:389–404.
Geçkil H. Biyokimya I. 1. baskı. Diyarbakır: Dicle Üniversitesi Yayınları; 2009.
Green AS, Fascetti AJ. Meeting the vitamin A requirement: The efficacy and importance of β-carotene in animal species. Journal of Animal Science, 2016(1):7393620.
D’Ambrosio DN, Clugston RD, Blaner WS. Vitamin A metabolism: an update. Nutrients, 2011;3(1):63–103. doi:10.3390/nu3010063.
Schweigert FJ, Ryder OA, Rambeck WA, et al. The majority of vitamin A is transported as retinyl esters in the blood of most carnivores. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Physiology, 1990;95(4):573–578. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(90)90741-a.
Khan RU et al. Pros and cons of dietary vitamin A and its precursors in animals. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023;12(5):1131.
Christakos S, Ajibade DV, Dhawan P, Fechner AJ, Mady LJ. Vitamin D: metabolism. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 2010;39(2):243–253.
Schmölz L, Birringer M, Lorkowski S, et al. Complexity of vitamin E metabolism. World Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2016;7(1):14.
Van Vleet JF, Ferrans VJ. Etiologic factors and pathologic alterations in selenium-vitamin E deficiency and excess in animals and humans. Biological Trace Element Research. 1992;33(1):1–21.
Hauschka PV Lian JB, et al. Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein: vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone. Physiological Reviews, 1989;69(3):990–1047.
Mezick JA Settlemire et al. Erythrocyte membrane interactions with menadione and the mechanism of menadione-induced hemolysis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Biomembranes, 1970;219(2):361–371.
Boyd JW, Walton JR. Cerebrocortical necrosis in ruminants: an attempt to identify the source of thiaminase in affected animals. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 1977;87(4):581–589.
Gonçalves AC, Portari GV. The B-complex vitamins related to energy metabolism and their role in exercise performance: a narrative review. Science & Sports, 2021;36(6):433–440.
Perry CA, Butterick TA. Biotin. Advances in Nutrition. 2024;15(7):100251.
Whitehead CC. The use of biotin in poultry nutrition. World's Poultry Science Journal. 1977;33(3):140–154.
Hanna M, Jaqua E, Nguyen V, et al. Vitamins: functions and uses in medicine. Permanente Journal, 2022;26(2):89–97.
Takahashi-Iñiguez T, García-Hernandez E, Arreguín-Espinosa R, et al. Role of vitamin B12 on methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 2012;13(6):423–437.
Drouin G, Godin JR, Pagé B. The genetics of vitamin C loss in vertebrates. Current Genomics, 2011;12(5):371–378.
Yu E, Sharma S. Physiology, calcium. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482128/
Penido MGM, Alon US. Phosphate homeostasis and its role in bone health. Pediatric Nephrology, 2012;27(11):2039–2048.
Martens H, Rayssiguier Y. Magnesium metabolism and hypomagnesaemia. In: Ruckebusch Y, Thivend P, editors. Digestive physiology and metabolism in ruminants: proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology, held at Clermont-Ferrand, on 3rd–7th September, 1979. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 1980. p. 447–466.
Hannon MJ, Thompson CJ. Neurosurgical hyponatremia. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2014;3(4):1084–1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm3041084
Cengiz Ö, Hess JB, Bilgili SF. Influence of graded levels of dietary sodium on the development of footpad dermatitis in broiler chickens. Poultry Science. 2012;91(10):2325–2330. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02183
Wieth JO, Andersen OS, Brahm J, et al. Chloride-bicarbonate exchange in red blood cells: physiology of transport and chemical modification of binding sites. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 1982;299(1097):383–399.
Sharma S, Hashmi MF, Aggarwal S. Hyperchloremic Acidosis. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2025. PMID: 29493965.
Kettritz R, Loffing J. Potassium homeostasis–Physiology and pharmacology in a clinical context. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2023;249:108489.
Cammack R, Wrigglesworth JM, Baum H. Iron-dependent enzymes in mammalian systems. In: Cook JD, editor. Iron transport and storage. 2024. p. 17–39.
Irmak M, Özcan C. Kobalt ve Kobaltın Koyun Beslemedeki Önemi. In: Biyosağlıkta Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Ankara: İksad Yayınevi; 2022. p.67-76.
Mohammed A, Osman NEHIED, Youssef FG. Review on copper’s functional roles, copper X mineral interactions affecting absorption, tissue storage, and Cu deficiency swayback of small ruminants. ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2016;2(2):1–14.
Borobia M, Villanueva-Saz S, Ruiz de Arcaute, et al. Copper poisoning is a deadly threat to sheep. Animals, 2022;12(18), 2388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182388.
Zicker S, Schoenherr B. The role of iodine in nutrition and metabolism. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian. 2012;34:1–4.
Tucker HF, Salmon WD. Parakeratosis or zinc deficiency disease in the pig. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1955;88(4):613–6.
Holben DH, Smith AM. The diverse role of selenium within selenoproteins: a review. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 1999;99(7):836–843.
Zarczynska K, Sobiech P, Radwinska J, et al. Effects of selenium on animal health. Journal of Elementology, 2013;18(2).
Kleiber M. Body size and metabolic rate. Physiological Reviews. 1947;27(4):511–41.
Hulbert AJ, Else PL. Basal metabolic rate: history, composition, regulation, and usefulness. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 2004;77(6):869–76.
Kaiyala KJ, Ramsay DS. Direct animal calorimetry, the underused gold standard for quantifying the fire of life. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 2011;158(3):252–64.
Moonen HPFX, Beckers KJH, van Zanten ARH. Energy expenditure and indirect calorimetry in critical illness and convalescence: current evidence and practical considerations. Journal of Intensive Care. 2021;9(1):8. doi:10.1186/s40560-021-00524-0.
Andrews T. Ketosis and fatty liver in cattle. In Practice. 1998;20(9):509–513.
Mongini A Van Saun RJ. Pregnancy toxemia in sheep and goats. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 2023;39(2):275–291.
Herdt TH. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance: influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2000;16(2):215–230.
Hoenig M. Comparative aspects of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 2002;197(1–2):221–229.
Mueckler M, Thorens B. The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 2013;34(2–3):121–138.
Deshmukh CD, Jain A, Nahata B. Diabetes mellitus: a review. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 2015;3(3):224–230.
Fédération Européenne de l’Industrie des Aliments pour Animaux Familiers (FEDIAF). Nutritional Guidelines for Complete and Complementary Pet Food for Cats and Dogs. Brussels: FEDIAF; 2024. p. 14–19.
CSIRO Publishing. The Nutrient Requirements of Horses: A Practical Guide. 2007. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing.
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Volume
Pages
377-430
Published
March 11, 2026
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