Mikoplazma Enfeksiyonları
Synopsis
Mikoplazmozis, kanatlı hayvanlarında sıkça rastlanan, solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarına yol açan mikoplazma türlerinin neden olduğu bir hastalıktır. Özellikle tavuk, hindi ve diğer kümes hayvanlarında görülen bu enfeksiyon; Mycoplasma (Mycoplasmoides) gallisepticum, Mycoplasma (Mycoplasmopsis) synoviae, Mycoplasma (Mycoplasmopsis) meleagridis ve Mycoplasma (Malacoplasma) iowae bakterileri tarafından meydana gelmektedir. Mikoplazmozis, WOAH tarafından kanatlılardaki en önemli hastalıklar listesine alınmıştır. Hastalık; tüy dökülmesi, öksürük, nefes darlığı, kuluçkalanabilirlik oranında düşme ve azalan yumurta verimi gibi klinik belirtilerle kendini göstermekte, ciddi ekonomik kayıplara yol açabilmektedir. Bu kitap bölümünde; mikoplazmaların patogenezi, bulaşma yolları ve hastalığın endüstriyel etkileri detaylı olarak ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, erken tanı yöntemleri, laboratuvar testleri, PCR ve serolojik analizler incelenmiş; etkili tedavi stratejileri, aşılamanın önemi ve biyogüvenlik uygulamalarının hastalığın kontrolünde oynadığı kritik rol vurgulanmıştır.
References
Adler HE, Fabricant J, Yamamoto R, et al. Symposium on chronic respiratory diseases of poultry. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1958;19:440–447.
Armour NK, Ferguson-Noel N. Evaluation of the egg transmission and pathogenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates genotyped as ts-11. Avian Pathology. 2015;44:296–304. doi:10.1080/03079457.2015.1044890.
Behboudi S. Avian Mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum) [Online]. Available from: https://cabidigitallibrary.org by 78.190.203.59 [Accessed: 11/26/24].
Brown DR, May M, Bradbury JM, et al. Genus I. Mycoplasma Nowak 1929, 1349 nom. cons. Jud. Comm. Opin. 22, 1958, 166AL. In: Krieg NR, Staley JT, Brown DR, Hedlund BP, Paster BJ, Ward NL, Ludwig W, Whitman WB (Ed.). Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. 2011:575–613.
Chin RP. Mycoplasma meleagridis infection. In: Swayne DE, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Suarez DL, Nair V (Ed.). Diseases of Poultry. 13th ed. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2013. p.893–900.
CABI Head Office, Wallingford, UK. Mycoplasma meleagridis [Online]. Available from: https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.74534. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.745 [Accessed: 11/26/2024].
Catania S, Gobbo F, Rodio S, et al. First isolation of Mycoplasma iowae in grey partridge flocks. Avian Diseases. 2013;58:323–325.
Dufour‐Gesbert F, Kempf I, De Simone F, Kobisch M. Antigen heterogeneity and epitope variable expression in Mycoplasma meleagridis isolates. Veterinary Microbiology. 2001;78:261–273.
El-Gazzar M, Ghanem M, McDonald K, et al. Development of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for Mycoplasma synoviae. Avian Diseases. 2017;61:25–32. doi:10.1637/11417-040516-Reg.
El Gazzar M. MSD Manual Veterinary Manual Mycoplasma iowae Infection in Poultry [Online]. Available from: https://www.msdvetmanual.com/poultry/mycoplasmosis/mycoplasma-meleagridis-infection-in-poultry [Accessed: 11/26/2024].
Esendal ÖM. Hindilerin hava kesesi enfeksiyonu. In: İzgür M, Akan M (Ed.). Kanatlı Hayvan Hastalıkları. Ankara: Medisan Yayınevi; 2002. p.85–87.
Faberwee A, Wit S, Dijkman R. Clinical expression, epidemiology and monitoring of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae: an update. Avian Pathology. 2022;51(1):2–18. doi:10.1080/03079457.2021.1944605.
Fan HH, Kleven SH, Jackwood MW. Studies of intraspecies heterogeneity of Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma meleagridis, and Mycoplasma iowae with arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. Avian Diseases. 1995;39:766–777.
Ferguson-Noel N. Mycoplasmosis. In: Swayne DE (Ed.). Diseases of Poultry, Vol I (14th ed.). USA: Wiley; 2020. p.907–965.
Frey ML, Hanson RP, Andrson DP. A medium for the isolation of avian mycoplasmas. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1968;29(11):2163–2171.
Fiorentin L, Panangala VS, Zhang YJ, et al. Adhesion inhibition of Mycoplasma iowae to chicken lymphoma DT40 cells by monoclonal antibodies reacting with a 65‐kD polypeptide. Avian Diseases. 1998;42:721–731.
Fulton RM. Mycoplasmosis. In: Boulianne M (Ed.). Avian Disease Manual. 7th ed. Florida: AAAP; 2012. p.106–111.
Glisson JR, Kleven SH. Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination: further studies on egg transmission and egg production. Avian Diseases. 1985;29(2):408–415.
Gupta RS, Sawnani S, Adeolu M, et al. Phylogenetic framework for the phylum Tenericutes based on genome sequence data: proposal for the creation of a new order Mycoplasmoidales ord. nov., containing two new families Mycoplasmoidaceae fam. nov. and Metamycoplasmataceae fam. nov. harbouring Eperythrozoon, Ureaplasma and five novel genera. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 2018;111:1583–1630.
Ghazikhanian GY, Yamamoto R, McCapes RH, et al. Combination dip and injection of turkey eggs with antibiotics to eliminate Mycoplasma meleagridis infection from a primary breeding stock. Avian Diseases. 1980;24:57–70.
Hannan PC. Guidelines and recommendations for antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing against veterinary mycoplasma species. Veterinary Research. 2000;31(4):373–395. doi:10.1051/vetres:2000100.
Matzer N, Yamamoto R. Further studies on the genital pathogenesis of Mycoplasma meleagridis. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 1974;84:271–278.
National Library of Medicine. Bacterial taxonomy browser [Online]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy [Accessed: 11/26/2024].
Raviv Z, Callison SA, Ferguson-Noel N, et al. Strain differentiating real-time PCR for Mycoplasma gallisepticum live vaccine evaluation studies. Veterinary Microbiology. 2008;129(1–2):179–187. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.017.
Raviv Z, Ley DH. Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. In: Swayne DE, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Suarez DL, Nair V (Ed.). Diseases of Poultry. Ames, IA: Iowa State Press; 2013. p.877–893.
Rhoades KR. A hemagglutination‐inhibition test for Mycoplasma meleagridis antibodies. Avian Diseases. 1969;13:22–26.
Shehata AA, Hafez HM. Mycoplasmosis. In: Hafez HM, Shehata AA (Ed.). Turkey Diseases and Disorders Volume 1: Bacterial and Fungal Infectious Diseases. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2024. p.47–63.
World Organization of Animal Health. Avian Mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M.snoviae). Chapter 3.3.5 Terrestrial Manual 2021 [Online]. Available from: https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/fr/Health_standards/tahm/3.03.05_AVIAN_MYCO.pdf [Accessed: 11/26/2024].
Yadav JP, Tomar P, Singh Y, et al. In sights on Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infection in poultry: a systematic review. Animal Biotechnology. 2022;33(7):1711–1720. doi:10.1080/10495398.2021.1908316.
Yamamoto R, Bigland CH, Ortmayer HB. Characteristics of Mycoplasma meleagridis sp. n., Isolated from turkeys. Journal of Bacteriology. 1965;90:47–49.
Zhang GZ, Zhang R, Zhao HL, et al. A safety assessment of a fowlpox-vectored Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine in chickens. Poultry Science. 2010;89(6):1301–1306. doi:10.3382/ps.2009-00447.
Armour NK, Ferguson-Noel N. Evaluation of the egg transmission and pathogenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates genotyped as ts-11. Avian Pathology. 2015;44:296–304. doi:10.1080/03079457.2015.1044890.
Behboudi S. Avian Mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum) [Online]. Available from: https://cabidigitallibrary.org by 78.190.203.59 [Accessed: 11/26/24].
Brown DR, May M, Bradbury JM, et al. Genus I. Mycoplasma Nowak 1929, 1349 nom. cons. Jud. Comm. Opin. 22, 1958, 166AL. In: Krieg NR, Staley JT, Brown DR, Hedlund BP, Paster BJ, Ward NL, Ludwig W, Whitman WB (Ed.). Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. 2011:575–613.
Chin RP. Mycoplasma meleagridis infection. In: Swayne DE, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Suarez DL, Nair V (Ed.). Diseases of Poultry. 13th ed. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2013. p.893–900.
CABI Head Office, Wallingford, UK. Mycoplasma meleagridis [Online]. Available from: https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.74534. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.745 [Accessed: 11/26/2024].
Catania S, Gobbo F, Rodio S, et al. First isolation of Mycoplasma iowae in grey partridge flocks. Avian Diseases. 2013;58:323–325.
Dufour‐Gesbert F, Kempf I, De Simone F, Kobisch M. Antigen heterogeneity and epitope variable expression in Mycoplasma meleagridis isolates. Veterinary Microbiology. 2001;78:261–273.
El-Gazzar M, Ghanem M, McDonald K, et al. Development of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for Mycoplasma synoviae. Avian Diseases. 2017;61:25–32. doi:10.1637/11417-040516-Reg.
El Gazzar M. MSD Manual Veterinary Manual Mycoplasma iowae Infection in Poultry [Online]. Available from: https://www.msdvetmanual.com/poultry/mycoplasmosis/mycoplasma-meleagridis-infection-in-poultry [Accessed: 11/26/2024].
Esendal ÖM. Hindilerin hava kesesi enfeksiyonu. In: İzgür M, Akan M (Ed.). Kanatlı Hayvan Hastalıkları. Ankara: Medisan Yayınevi; 2002. p.85–87.
Faberwee A, Wit S, Dijkman R. Clinical expression, epidemiology and monitoring of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae: an update. Avian Pathology. 2022;51(1):2–18. doi:10.1080/03079457.2021.1944605.
Fan HH, Kleven SH, Jackwood MW. Studies of intraspecies heterogeneity of Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma meleagridis, and Mycoplasma iowae with arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. Avian Diseases. 1995;39:766–777.
Ferguson-Noel N. Mycoplasmosis. In: Swayne DE (Ed.). Diseases of Poultry, Vol I (14th ed.). USA: Wiley; 2020. p.907–965.
Frey ML, Hanson RP, Andrson DP. A medium for the isolation of avian mycoplasmas. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1968;29(11):2163–2171.
Fiorentin L, Panangala VS, Zhang YJ, et al. Adhesion inhibition of Mycoplasma iowae to chicken lymphoma DT40 cells by monoclonal antibodies reacting with a 65‐kD polypeptide. Avian Diseases. 1998;42:721–731.
Fulton RM. Mycoplasmosis. In: Boulianne M (Ed.). Avian Disease Manual. 7th ed. Florida: AAAP; 2012. p.106–111.
Glisson JR, Kleven SH. Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination: further studies on egg transmission and egg production. Avian Diseases. 1985;29(2):408–415.
Gupta RS, Sawnani S, Adeolu M, et al. Phylogenetic framework for the phylum Tenericutes based on genome sequence data: proposal for the creation of a new order Mycoplasmoidales ord. nov., containing two new families Mycoplasmoidaceae fam. nov. and Metamycoplasmataceae fam. nov. harbouring Eperythrozoon, Ureaplasma and five novel genera. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 2018;111:1583–1630.
Ghazikhanian GY, Yamamoto R, McCapes RH, et al. Combination dip and injection of turkey eggs with antibiotics to eliminate Mycoplasma meleagridis infection from a primary breeding stock. Avian Diseases. 1980;24:57–70.
Hannan PC. Guidelines and recommendations for antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing against veterinary mycoplasma species. Veterinary Research. 2000;31(4):373–395. doi:10.1051/vetres:2000100.
Matzer N, Yamamoto R. Further studies on the genital pathogenesis of Mycoplasma meleagridis. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 1974;84:271–278.
National Library of Medicine. Bacterial taxonomy browser [Online]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy [Accessed: 11/26/2024].
Raviv Z, Callison SA, Ferguson-Noel N, et al. Strain differentiating real-time PCR for Mycoplasma gallisepticum live vaccine evaluation studies. Veterinary Microbiology. 2008;129(1–2):179–187. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.017.
Raviv Z, Ley DH. Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. In: Swayne DE, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Nolan LK, Suarez DL, Nair V (Ed.). Diseases of Poultry. Ames, IA: Iowa State Press; 2013. p.877–893.
Rhoades KR. A hemagglutination‐inhibition test for Mycoplasma meleagridis antibodies. Avian Diseases. 1969;13:22–26.
Shehata AA, Hafez HM. Mycoplasmosis. In: Hafez HM, Shehata AA (Ed.). Turkey Diseases and Disorders Volume 1: Bacterial and Fungal Infectious Diseases. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2024. p.47–63.
World Organization of Animal Health. Avian Mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M.snoviae). Chapter 3.3.5 Terrestrial Manual 2021 [Online]. Available from: https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/fr/Health_standards/tahm/3.03.05_AVIAN_MYCO.pdf [Accessed: 11/26/2024].
Yadav JP, Tomar P, Singh Y, et al. In sights on Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infection in poultry: a systematic review. Animal Biotechnology. 2022;33(7):1711–1720. doi:10.1080/10495398.2021.1908316.
Yamamoto R, Bigland CH, Ortmayer HB. Characteristics of Mycoplasma meleagridis sp. n., Isolated from turkeys. Journal of Bacteriology. 1965;90:47–49.
Zhang GZ, Zhang R, Zhao HL, et al. A safety assessment of a fowlpox-vectored Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine in chickens. Poultry Science. 2010;89(6):1301–1306. doi:10.3382/ps.2009-00447.
Pages
91-102
Published
August 22, 2025
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