Şigelloz
Synopsis
Şigelloz, kişisel ve genel hijyen koşullarının standartların altında olduğu kaynakları sınırlı ülkelerde endemik görülmekte olup bu bölgelerdeki çocuklarda invazif ishalin en sık etkenidir. Pediyatrik popülasyonu daha çok etkileyen Shigella, ishale bağlı mortalitenin en sık ikinci etkenidir. Klinik semptom ve bulguların şiddeti, infekte eden serotipe ve konağın özelliklerine göre değişiklik gösterebilir. Antibiyotik dirençli Shigella infeksiyonlarında son 10 yılda artmaktadır. Çoklu ilaç dirençli infeksiyonların özellikli gruplarda bulaşmasını ve yayılmasını engelleyici önlemler konusunda stratejiler geliştirilmelidir. Aşı çalışmaları devam etmekte olup etkin bir aşıyla toplum bağışıklığının sağlanmasına ikincil mortalite ve morbiditede iyileşme olabileceği gibi antibiyotik kullanımın azalmasına bağlı olarak dirençli suşların yayılması da önlenebilir.
Shigellosis is endemic in countries with limited resources where hygiene conditions are below standards, and is the most common cause of invasive diarrhea in children. The severity of clinical symptoms and signs may vary depending on the infecting serotype and the characteristics of the host. Antibiotic-resistant Shigella infections have been increasing in the last decade. Strategies should be developed to spread of multidrug-resistant infections. Vaccine studies are ongoing, and with an effective vaccine, there may be an improvement in mortality and morbidity secondary to ensuring herd immunity, and the spread of resistant strains may be prevented due to a decrease in antibiotic use.
References
Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, et al. Shigellosis. Lancet. 2018;391(10122):801-812. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8
Bennish ML. Potentially lethal complications of shigellosis. Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13 Suppl 4:S319-S324. doi:10.1093/clinids/13.supplement_4.s319
Boveé, L., Whelan, J., Sonder, et al. Risk factors for secondary transmission of Shigella infection within households: implications for current prevention policy. BMC infectious diseases; 2012; 12, 347. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-12-347
Kosek, M., Yori, P. P., & Olortegui, M. P. Shigellosis update: advancing antibiotic resistance, investment empowered vaccine development, and green bananas. Current opinion in infectious diseases; 2010;23(5), 475–480. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e32833da204
Sack DA, Hoque AT, Huq A, et al. Is protection against shigellosis induced by natural infection with Plesiomonas shigelloides? Lancet;1994;343(8910):1413-1415. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92531-3
Ashkenazi S, Dinari G, Zevulunov A, et al. Convulsions in childhood shigellosis. Clinical and laboratory features in 153 children. Am J Dis Child. 1987;141(2):208-210. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1987.04460020098036
Jameson J, & Fauci A.S., & Kasper D.L., & Hauser S.L., & Longo D.L., & Loscalzo J(Eds.). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20e. McGraw-Hill. 2018. S1180-82.
Escobar-Paramo P., Giudicelli C., Parsot C., et al. The evolutionary history of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli revised. J Mol Evol. 2003;57:140–148
Devanga Ragupathi, N. K., Muthuirulandi Sethuvel, D. P., Inbanathan, F. Y., & Veeraraghavan, B. (2017). Accurate differentiation of Escherichia coli and Shigella serogroups: challenges and strategies. New microbes and new infections, 21, 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2017.09.003
Baker S, Scott TA. Antimicrobial-resistant Shigella: where do we go next? Nature reviews. Microbiology. 2023;21(7):409-410. doi 10.1038/s41579-023-00906-1. PMID: 37188805; PMCID: PMC10184058.
Lamba, K., Nelson, J. A., Kimura, A. C., et al. Shiga Toxin 1-Producing Shigella sonnei Infections, California, United States, 2014-2015. Emerging infectious diseases; 2016; 22(4), 679–686. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2204.151825
Koziel M, Kiely R, Blake L, et al. Improved detection of bacterial pathogens in patients presenting with gastroenteritis by use of the EntericBio real-time Gastro Panel I assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(8):2679-2685. doi:10.1128/JCM.00809-13
Stieglitz H, Lipsky P. Association between reactive arthritis and antecedent infection with Shigella flexneri carrying a 2-Md plasmid and encoding an HLA-B27 mimetic epitope. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36(10):1387-1391. doi:10.1002/art.1780361010
Picard, C., Casanova, J. L., & Puel, A, et al. Infectious diseases in patients with IRAK-4, MyD88, NEMO, or IκBα deficiency. Clinical microbiology reviews, 2011; 24(3), 490–497. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00001-11
Azad MA, Islam M, Butler T. Colonic perforation in Shigella dysenteriae 1 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis; 1986;5(1):103-104. doi:10.1097/00006454-198601000-00019
Davies NE, Karstaedt AS. Shigella bacteraemia over a decade in Soweto, South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg; 2008;102(12):1269-1273. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.037
Stoll BJ, Glass RI, Huq MI, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical features of patients infected with Shigella who attended a diarrheal disease hospital in Bangladesh. J Infect Dis. 1982;146(2):177-183. doi:10.1093/infdis/146.2.17
Libby TE, Delawalla MLM, Al-Shimari F, et al. Consequences of Shigella infection in young children: a systematic review. Int J Infect Dis. 2023;129:78-95. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.034
Colmegna, I., Cuchacovich, R., & Espinoza, L. R. HLA-B27-associated reactive arthritis: pathogenetic and clinical considerations. Clinical microbiology reviews; 2004; 17(2), 348–369. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.17.2.348-369.2004
Bennish ML, Khan WA, Begum M, et al. Low risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after early effective antimicrobial therapy for Shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(3):356-362. doi:10.1086/499236
UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations Identification of Shigella species http://www.apsi.it/public/ufiles/smi/id20_2_2_rev_en_140312.pdf kaynak x
Salmonella-Shigella Agar (SS Agar) - Selective solid media for microbiology Kaynak y. https://www.clinisciences.com/en/buy/cat-salmonella-shigella-agar-ss-agar-5522.html#:~:text=Salmonella%2DShigella%20Agar%20or%20SS,citrate%20agar%20described%20by%20Leifson.
Hannah Charles et al. Outbreak of sexually transmitted, extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei in the UK, 2021–22: a descriptive epidemiological study Lancet Infect Dis; 2022; 22: 1503–10
Pizzato, J., Tang, W., Bernabeu, S., et al. Discrimination of Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella sonnei using lipid profiling by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry paired with machine learning. MicrobiologyOpen. 2022; 11, e1313.
Baker, K. S., Dallman, T. J., Behar, A., et al. Travel- and Community-Based Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella sonnei Lineage among International Orthodox Jewish Communities. Emerging infectious diseases; 2016; 22(9), 1545–1553. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2209.151953
CDC. Shigella-Shigellosis. Information for healthcare professionals. (24.02.24 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/audience-medical-professionals.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Holt KE, Thieu Nga TV, Thanh DP, et al. Tracking the establishment of local endemic populations of an emergent enteric pathogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(43):17522-17527. doi:10.1073/pnas.1308632110
UptoDate, Shigella infection: Treatment and prevention in adults (24.02.24 tarihinde https://www.uptodate.com/contents/shigella-infection-treatment-and-prevention-in-adults?search=shigella%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Increase in Extensively Drug-Resistant Shigellosis in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). February 24, 2023. (24.02.24 tarihinde https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2023/han00486.asp adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS). NARMS Now: Human data, Shigella, 2022. (24.02.24 tarihinde https://wwwn.cdc.gov/narmsnow adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Christopher PR, David KV, John SM, et al. Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010(8). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006784.pub4
CDC Health Alert Network. CDC Recommendations for Diagnosing and Managing Shigella Strains with Possible Reduced Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin. April 18, 2017. (24.02.24 tarihinde https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00401.asp adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
DuPont HL, Hornick RB. Adverse effect of lomotil therapy in shigellosis. JAMA. 1973;226(13):1525-1528.
Drug resistant Shigella. (27.02.24 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/shigella-508.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
CDC. Shigella. (24.02.24 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/prevention-control.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Khalil IA, Troeger C, Blacker BF, et al. Morbidity and mortality due to shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2018; 18: 1229–40
Bennish ML. Potentially lethal complications of shigellosis. Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13 Suppl 4:S319-S324. doi:10.1093/clinids/13.supplement_4.s319
Boveé, L., Whelan, J., Sonder, et al. Risk factors for secondary transmission of Shigella infection within households: implications for current prevention policy. BMC infectious diseases; 2012; 12, 347. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-12-347
Kosek, M., Yori, P. P., & Olortegui, M. P. Shigellosis update: advancing antibiotic resistance, investment empowered vaccine development, and green bananas. Current opinion in infectious diseases; 2010;23(5), 475–480. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e32833da204
Sack DA, Hoque AT, Huq A, et al. Is protection against shigellosis induced by natural infection with Plesiomonas shigelloides? Lancet;1994;343(8910):1413-1415. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92531-3
Ashkenazi S, Dinari G, Zevulunov A, et al. Convulsions in childhood shigellosis. Clinical and laboratory features in 153 children. Am J Dis Child. 1987;141(2):208-210. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1987.04460020098036
Jameson J, & Fauci A.S., & Kasper D.L., & Hauser S.L., & Longo D.L., & Loscalzo J(Eds.). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20e. McGraw-Hill. 2018. S1180-82.
Escobar-Paramo P., Giudicelli C., Parsot C., et al. The evolutionary history of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli revised. J Mol Evol. 2003;57:140–148
Devanga Ragupathi, N. K., Muthuirulandi Sethuvel, D. P., Inbanathan, F. Y., & Veeraraghavan, B. (2017). Accurate differentiation of Escherichia coli and Shigella serogroups: challenges and strategies. New microbes and new infections, 21, 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2017.09.003
Baker S, Scott TA. Antimicrobial-resistant Shigella: where do we go next? Nature reviews. Microbiology. 2023;21(7):409-410. doi 10.1038/s41579-023-00906-1. PMID: 37188805; PMCID: PMC10184058.
Lamba, K., Nelson, J. A., Kimura, A. C., et al. Shiga Toxin 1-Producing Shigella sonnei Infections, California, United States, 2014-2015. Emerging infectious diseases; 2016; 22(4), 679–686. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2204.151825
Koziel M, Kiely R, Blake L, et al. Improved detection of bacterial pathogens in patients presenting with gastroenteritis by use of the EntericBio real-time Gastro Panel I assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(8):2679-2685. doi:10.1128/JCM.00809-13
Stieglitz H, Lipsky P. Association between reactive arthritis and antecedent infection with Shigella flexneri carrying a 2-Md plasmid and encoding an HLA-B27 mimetic epitope. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36(10):1387-1391. doi:10.1002/art.1780361010
Picard, C., Casanova, J. L., & Puel, A, et al. Infectious diseases in patients with IRAK-4, MyD88, NEMO, or IκBα deficiency. Clinical microbiology reviews, 2011; 24(3), 490–497. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00001-11
Azad MA, Islam M, Butler T. Colonic perforation in Shigella dysenteriae 1 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis; 1986;5(1):103-104. doi:10.1097/00006454-198601000-00019
Davies NE, Karstaedt AS. Shigella bacteraemia over a decade in Soweto, South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg; 2008;102(12):1269-1273. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.037
Stoll BJ, Glass RI, Huq MI, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical features of patients infected with Shigella who attended a diarrheal disease hospital in Bangladesh. J Infect Dis. 1982;146(2):177-183. doi:10.1093/infdis/146.2.17
Libby TE, Delawalla MLM, Al-Shimari F, et al. Consequences of Shigella infection in young children: a systematic review. Int J Infect Dis. 2023;129:78-95. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.034
Colmegna, I., Cuchacovich, R., & Espinoza, L. R. HLA-B27-associated reactive arthritis: pathogenetic and clinical considerations. Clinical microbiology reviews; 2004; 17(2), 348–369. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.17.2.348-369.2004
Bennish ML, Khan WA, Begum M, et al. Low risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after early effective antimicrobial therapy for Shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(3):356-362. doi:10.1086/499236
UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations Identification of Shigella species http://www.apsi.it/public/ufiles/smi/id20_2_2_rev_en_140312.pdf kaynak x
Salmonella-Shigella Agar (SS Agar) - Selective solid media for microbiology Kaynak y. https://www.clinisciences.com/en/buy/cat-salmonella-shigella-agar-ss-agar-5522.html#:~:text=Salmonella%2DShigella%20Agar%20or%20SS,citrate%20agar%20described%20by%20Leifson.
Hannah Charles et al. Outbreak of sexually transmitted, extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei in the UK, 2021–22: a descriptive epidemiological study Lancet Infect Dis; 2022; 22: 1503–10
Pizzato, J., Tang, W., Bernabeu, S., et al. Discrimination of Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella sonnei using lipid profiling by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry paired with machine learning. MicrobiologyOpen. 2022; 11, e1313.
Baker, K. S., Dallman, T. J., Behar, A., et al. Travel- and Community-Based Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella sonnei Lineage among International Orthodox Jewish Communities. Emerging infectious diseases; 2016; 22(9), 1545–1553. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2209.151953
CDC. Shigella-Shigellosis. Information for healthcare professionals. (24.02.24 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/audience-medical-professionals.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Holt KE, Thieu Nga TV, Thanh DP, et al. Tracking the establishment of local endemic populations of an emergent enteric pathogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(43):17522-17527. doi:10.1073/pnas.1308632110
UptoDate, Shigella infection: Treatment and prevention in adults (24.02.24 tarihinde https://www.uptodate.com/contents/shigella-infection-treatment-and-prevention-in-adults?search=shigella%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Increase in Extensively Drug-Resistant Shigellosis in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). February 24, 2023. (24.02.24 tarihinde https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2023/han00486.asp adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS). NARMS Now: Human data, Shigella, 2022. (24.02.24 tarihinde https://wwwn.cdc.gov/narmsnow adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Christopher PR, David KV, John SM, et al. Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010(8). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006784.pub4
CDC Health Alert Network. CDC Recommendations for Diagnosing and Managing Shigella Strains with Possible Reduced Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin. April 18, 2017. (24.02.24 tarihinde https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00401.asp adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
DuPont HL, Hornick RB. Adverse effect of lomotil therapy in shigellosis. JAMA. 1973;226(13):1525-1528.
Drug resistant Shigella. (27.02.24 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/shigella-508.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
CDC. Shigella. (24.02.24 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/prevention-control.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Khalil IA, Troeger C, Blacker BF, et al. Morbidity and mortality due to shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2018; 18: 1229–40
Pages
67-78
Published
April 29, 2024
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1.
Yılmaz E. Şigelloz. In: Dal T, editor. Mikrobiyolojide Güncel Konular V (Bahar) [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2024 [cited 2026 Jul. 13]. pp. 67-78. Available from: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/3058/chapter/13581
