Hipo/Hiperglisemi ve Diyabetik Komalara Yaklaşım
References
Yoğun bakim ünitesinde kan şekeri yönetimi insülin infüzyon protokolü. TYBD(2024).(12.02.2024 tarihinde https://www.yogunbakim.org.tr/data/pdf/03122015_kansekeri.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.)
Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Bouillon R,et al. Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: Insulin dose versus glycemic control. Crit Care Med. 2003 Feb;31(2):359-66. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000045568.12881.10. PMID: 12576937.
Lin S, Lai D, He W. Association between hyperglycemia and adverse clinical outcomes of sepsis patients with diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jan 9;13:1046736. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1046736. PMID: 36699043; PMCID: PMC9868443.
Lu Z, Tao G, Sun X, et al. Association of Blood Glucose Level and Glycemic Variability With Mortality in Sepsis Patients During ICU Hospitalization. Front Public Health. 2022 Apr 29;10:857368. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.857368. PMID: 35570924; PMCID: PMC9099235.
Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 449-61.
Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 125-39.
Arabi YM, Dabbagh OC, Tamim HM, et al. Intensive versus conventional insulin therapy: a randomized controlled trial in medical and surgical critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2008;36: 3190-7.
Preiser JC, Devos P, Ruiz-Santana S, et al. A prospective randomized multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glu-control study. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 1738-48.
NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1283-97.
Gunst J, Debaveye Y, Guiza F, et al. Tight blood-glucose control without early parenteral nutrition in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2023; 389: 1180-90.
Umpierrez G, Cardona S, Pasquel F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of intensive versus conservative glucose control in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: GLUCO-CABG trial. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: 1665-72.
ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes — 2023. Diabetes Care 2023; 46: Suppl: S267-S278.
Kompoti M, Michalia M, Salma V, et al. Glycated hemoglobin at admission in the intensive care unit: clinical implications and prognostic relevance. J Crit Care 2015; 30: 150-155 [PMID: 25239822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.08.014]
Bellaver P, Schaeffer AF, Dullius DP, et al. Association of multiple glycemic parameters at intensive care unit admission with mortality and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 18498 [PMID:31811218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55080-3]
Dungan KM, Braithwaite SS, Preiser JC. Stress hyperglycaemia. Lancet 2009; 373: 1798-1807 [PMID: 19465235 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60553-5]
Umpierrez GE, Isaacs SD, Bazargan N, et al. Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of inhospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 978-982 [PMID: 11889147 DOI: 10.1210/JCEM.87.3.8341]
Bellaver P, Schaeffer AF, Dullius DP, et al. Association of multiple glycemic parameters at intensive care unit admission with mortality and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 18498 [PMID:31811218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55080-3]
Lazar HL, McDonnell M, Chipkin SR,et al.; Society of Thoracic Surgeons Blood Glucose Guideline Task Force. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons practice guideline series: Blood glucose management during adult cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 87: 663-669 [PMID: 19161815 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.11.011]
Sechterberger MK, Bosman RJ, Oudemans-van Straaten HM, et al. The effect of diabetes mellitus on the association between measures of glycaemic control and ICU mortality: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care 2013; 17: R52 [PMID: 23510051 DOI: 10.1186/cc12572]
Krinsley JS. Glycemic variability: a strong independent predictor of mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2008;36: 3008-3013 [PMID: 18824908 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818b38d2]
Krinsley JS, Egi M, Kiss A, et al.Diabetic status and the relation of the three domains of glycemic control to mortality in critically ill patients: an international multicenter cohortstudy. Crit Care 2013; 17: R37 [PMID: 23452622 DOI: 10.1186/cc12547]
Duggan EW, Carlson K, Umpierrez GE. Perioperative Hyperglycemia Management: An Update. Anesthesiology 2017;126: 547-560 [PMID: 28121636 DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001515]
Eerdekens GJ, Rex S, Mesotten D. Accuracy of Blood Glucose Measurement and Blood Glucose Targets. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2020; 14: 553-559 [PMID: 32046520 DOI: 10.1177/1932296820905581] Kanji S, Buffie J, Hutton B, Bunting PS, Singh A, McDonald K,
Fergusson D, McIntyre LA, Hebert PC. Reliability of point-of-care testing for glucose measurement in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 2778-2785 [PMID: 16352960 DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000189939.10881.60]
Holzinger U, Warszawska J, Kitzberger R, et al. Impact of shock requiring norepinephrine on the accuracy and reliability of subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 1383-1389 [PMID: 19350213 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1471-y]
Holzinger U, Warszawska J, Kitzberger R, et al. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 467-472 [PMID: 20007948 DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1352]
Leelarathna L, English SW, Thabit H, et al. Feasibility of fully automated closed-loop glucose control using continuous subcutaneous glucose measurements in critical illness: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2013; 17: R159 [PMID:
Doolin MK, Walroth TA, Harris SA, et al.Transition From Intravenous to Subcutaneous Insulin in Critically Ill Adults. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016; 10: 932-938 [PMID: 26908569 DOI:10.1177/1932296816629985]
Somagutta MR, Agadi K, Hange N, et al. Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors: A Focused Review of Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Triggers. Cureus 2021; 13: e13665 [PMID: 33824816 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13665]
Long B, Lentz S, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: Etiologies, evaluation, and management. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 44: 157-160 [PMID: 33626481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.02.015]
Lacherade JC, Jacqueminet S, Preiser JC. An overview of hypoglycemia in the critically ill. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009;3: 1242-1249 [PMID: 20144377 DOI: 10.1177/193229680900300603]
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Draznin B, Aroda VR, Bakris G, Benson G, BrownFM, Freeman R, Green J, Huang E, Isaacs D, Kahan S, Leon J, Lyons SK, Peters AL, Prahalad P, Reusch JEB, Young-Hyman D. 6. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care 2022; 45: S83-S96 [PMID:34964868 DOI: 10.2337/dc22-S006]
NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Liu B, Chittock DR, et al.Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1108-1118 [PMID:22992074 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1204942]
Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, French CJ, et al.Hypoglycemia and outcome in critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2010; 85: 217-224 [PMID: 20176928 DOI: 10.4065/mcp.2009.0394]
Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Bouillon R,et al. Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: Insulin dose versus glycemic control. Crit Care Med. 2003 Feb;31(2):359-66. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000045568.12881.10. PMID: 12576937.
Lin S, Lai D, He W. Association between hyperglycemia and adverse clinical outcomes of sepsis patients with diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jan 9;13:1046736. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1046736. PMID: 36699043; PMCID: PMC9868443.
Lu Z, Tao G, Sun X, et al. Association of Blood Glucose Level and Glycemic Variability With Mortality in Sepsis Patients During ICU Hospitalization. Front Public Health. 2022 Apr 29;10:857368. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.857368. PMID: 35570924; PMCID: PMC9099235.
Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 449-61.
Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 125-39.
Arabi YM, Dabbagh OC, Tamim HM, et al. Intensive versus conventional insulin therapy: a randomized controlled trial in medical and surgical critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2008;36: 3190-7.
Preiser JC, Devos P, Ruiz-Santana S, et al. A prospective randomized multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glu-control study. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 1738-48.
NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1283-97.
Gunst J, Debaveye Y, Guiza F, et al. Tight blood-glucose control without early parenteral nutrition in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2023; 389: 1180-90.
Umpierrez G, Cardona S, Pasquel F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of intensive versus conservative glucose control in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: GLUCO-CABG trial. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: 1665-72.
ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes — 2023. Diabetes Care 2023; 46: Suppl: S267-S278.
Kompoti M, Michalia M, Salma V, et al. Glycated hemoglobin at admission in the intensive care unit: clinical implications and prognostic relevance. J Crit Care 2015; 30: 150-155 [PMID: 25239822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.08.014]
Bellaver P, Schaeffer AF, Dullius DP, et al. Association of multiple glycemic parameters at intensive care unit admission with mortality and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 18498 [PMID:31811218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55080-3]
Dungan KM, Braithwaite SS, Preiser JC. Stress hyperglycaemia. Lancet 2009; 373: 1798-1807 [PMID: 19465235 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60553-5]
Umpierrez GE, Isaacs SD, Bazargan N, et al. Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of inhospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 978-982 [PMID: 11889147 DOI: 10.1210/JCEM.87.3.8341]
Bellaver P, Schaeffer AF, Dullius DP, et al. Association of multiple glycemic parameters at intensive care unit admission with mortality and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 18498 [PMID:31811218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55080-3]
Lazar HL, McDonnell M, Chipkin SR,et al.; Society of Thoracic Surgeons Blood Glucose Guideline Task Force. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons practice guideline series: Blood glucose management during adult cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 87: 663-669 [PMID: 19161815 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.11.011]
Sechterberger MK, Bosman RJ, Oudemans-van Straaten HM, et al. The effect of diabetes mellitus on the association between measures of glycaemic control and ICU mortality: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care 2013; 17: R52 [PMID: 23510051 DOI: 10.1186/cc12572]
Krinsley JS. Glycemic variability: a strong independent predictor of mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2008;36: 3008-3013 [PMID: 18824908 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818b38d2]
Krinsley JS, Egi M, Kiss A, et al.Diabetic status and the relation of the three domains of glycemic control to mortality in critically ill patients: an international multicenter cohortstudy. Crit Care 2013; 17: R37 [PMID: 23452622 DOI: 10.1186/cc12547]
Duggan EW, Carlson K, Umpierrez GE. Perioperative Hyperglycemia Management: An Update. Anesthesiology 2017;126: 547-560 [PMID: 28121636 DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001515]
Eerdekens GJ, Rex S, Mesotten D. Accuracy of Blood Glucose Measurement and Blood Glucose Targets. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2020; 14: 553-559 [PMID: 32046520 DOI: 10.1177/1932296820905581] Kanji S, Buffie J, Hutton B, Bunting PS, Singh A, McDonald K,
Fergusson D, McIntyre LA, Hebert PC. Reliability of point-of-care testing for glucose measurement in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 2778-2785 [PMID: 16352960 DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000189939.10881.60]
Holzinger U, Warszawska J, Kitzberger R, et al. Impact of shock requiring norepinephrine on the accuracy and reliability of subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 1383-1389 [PMID: 19350213 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1471-y]
Holzinger U, Warszawska J, Kitzberger R, et al. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 467-472 [PMID: 20007948 DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1352]
Leelarathna L, English SW, Thabit H, et al. Feasibility of fully automated closed-loop glucose control using continuous subcutaneous glucose measurements in critical illness: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2013; 17: R159 [PMID:
Doolin MK, Walroth TA, Harris SA, et al.Transition From Intravenous to Subcutaneous Insulin in Critically Ill Adults. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016; 10: 932-938 [PMID: 26908569 DOI:10.1177/1932296816629985]
Somagutta MR, Agadi K, Hange N, et al. Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors: A Focused Review of Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Triggers. Cureus 2021; 13: e13665 [PMID: 33824816 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13665]
Long B, Lentz S, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: Etiologies, evaluation, and management. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 44: 157-160 [PMID: 33626481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.02.015]
Lacherade JC, Jacqueminet S, Preiser JC. An overview of hypoglycemia in the critically ill. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009;3: 1242-1249 [PMID: 20144377 DOI: 10.1177/193229680900300603]
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Draznin B, Aroda VR, Bakris G, Benson G, BrownFM, Freeman R, Green J, Huang E, Isaacs D, Kahan S, Leon J, Lyons SK, Peters AL, Prahalad P, Reusch JEB, Young-Hyman D. 6. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care 2022; 45: S83-S96 [PMID:34964868 DOI: 10.2337/dc22-S006]
NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Liu B, Chittock DR, et al.Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1108-1118 [PMID:22992074 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1204942]
Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, French CJ, et al.Hypoglycemia and outcome in critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2010; 85: 217-224 [PMID: 20176928 DOI: 10.4065/mcp.2009.0394]
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May 3, 2024
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Akın S, Aktaş S. Hipo/Hiperglisemi ve Diyabetik Komalara Yaklaşım. In: Külahçıoğlu Ş, Altay S, editors. Kardiyoloji Yoğun Bakım [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2024 [cited 2026 Jul. 13]. pp. 41-6. Available from: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/3049/chapter/13117