Bronkoskopi Uygulamalarının Çocuk Hastalarda Tanı ve Tedavideki Yeri
Synopsis
Çocuk yaş grubunda bronkoskopi çok farklı solunum yolu patolojilerinde, deneyimli merkezlerde düşük komplikasyon oranları ile tanı ve tedavi amaçlı olarak yapılabilmektedir. Solunum yolu ile ilgili enfeksiyöz hastalıkların aydınlatılmasının yanı sıra, anatomik olduğu kadar fonksiyonel sorunlara yol açabilecek trakeomalazi gibi patolojilerin tanımlanmasında bronkoskopiden yararlanılabilmektedir. Bronkoskopi, kullanılan enstrumanlardaki teknolojik gelişmelere rağmen, çocuklardaki anatomik ve fizyolojik farklılıklar nedeni ile, hala özellikli bir uygulama olmaya devam etmektedir. Ancak çocuk yaş grubunda özellikle solunum yolunda darlık, fistül, kanama gibi girişimsel işlem gereksinimi olan durumlar ile ilgili bilgi birimi oldukça sınırlıdır.
References
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Karišik M, Janjević D, Sorbello M. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy versus video laryngoscopy in pediatric airway management. Acta Clin Croat. 2016;55(1):51-54.
Moslehi MA. Failures in emergency management of pediatric airway foreign bodies by rigid bronchoscopy: we have yet to complete our learning. World J Pediatr Surg. 2022;5(2):e000321. doi:10.1136/wjps-2021-000321
Choi J, Dharmarajan H, Yu J, et al. Diagnostic flexible versus rigid bronchoscopy for the assessment of tracheomalacia in children. J Laryngol Otol. 2018;132(12):1083-1087. doi:10.1017/S0022215118002050
Midulla F, de Blic J, Barbato A, et al. Flexible endoscopy of paediatric airways. Eur Respir J. 2003;22(4):698-708. doi:10.1183/09031936.02.00113202
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Bada-Bosch I, Pérez-Egido L, García-Casillas MA, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage usefulness in the pediatric population. Rentabilidad del lavado broncoalveolar en la población pediátrica. Cir Pediatr. 2020;33(4):160-165. Published 2020 Oct 1.
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Pandit JJ, Dravid RM, Iyer R, et al. Orotracheal fibreoptic intubation for rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2002;57(2):123-127. doi:10.1046/j.0003-2409.2001.02400.x
Wood RE, Daines C. Bronchscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in pediatric patients. In: Wilmott RW, Bush A, Boat TF (eds.) Kending and Chernick’s Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in Children. Eight edition. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2012. p. 94-109.
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Karišik M, Janjević D, Sorbello M. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy versus video laryngoscopy in pediatric airway management. Acta Clin Croat. 2016;55(1):51-54.
Moslehi MA. Failures in emergency management of pediatric airway foreign bodies by rigid bronchoscopy: we have yet to complete our learning. World J Pediatr Surg. 2022;5(2):e000321. doi:10.1136/wjps-2021-000321
Choi J, Dharmarajan H, Yu J, et al. Diagnostic flexible versus rigid bronchoscopy for the assessment of tracheomalacia in children. J Laryngol Otol. 2018;132(12):1083-1087. doi:10.1017/S0022215118002050
Midulla F, de Blic J, Barbato A, et al. Flexible endoscopy of paediatric airways. Eur Respir J. 2003;22(4):698-708. doi:10.1183/09031936.02.00113202
Golan-Tripto I, Mezan DW, Tsaregorodtsev S, et al. From rigid to flexible bronchoscopy: a tertiary center experience in removal of inhaled foreign bodies in children [published correction appears in Eur J Pediatr. 2021 Jan 25;:]. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(5):1443-1450. doi:10.1007/s00431-020-03914-y
Masters IB, Cooper P. Paediatric flexible bronchoscopy. J Paediatr Child Health. 2002;38(6):555-559. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1754.2002.00058.x
Mani N, Soma M, Massey S, et al. Removal of inhaled foreign bodies--middle of the night or the next morning?. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73(8):1085-1089. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2009.04.005
Foltran F, Ballali S, Rodriguez H, et al. Inhaled foreign bodies in children: a global perspective on their epidemiological, clinical, and preventive aspects. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013;48(4):344-351. doi:10.1002/ppul.22701
Cohen S, Avital A, Godfrey S, et al. Suspected foreign body inhalation in children: what are the indications for bronchoscopy?. J Pediatr. 2009;155(2):276-280. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.02.040
Kiyan G, Gocmen B, Tugtepe H, et al. Foreign body aspiration in children: the value of diagnostic criteria. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73(7):963-967. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2009.03.021
Acharya K. Rigid Bronchoscopy in Airway Foreign Bodies: Value of the Clinical and Radiological Signs. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;20(3):196-201. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1584293
Midulla F, Guidi R, Barbato A, et al. Foreign body aspiration in children. Pediatr Int. 2005;47(6):663-668. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200x.2005.02136.x
Oğuzkaya F, Akçali Y, Kahraman C, et al. Tracheobronchial foreign body aspirations in childhood: a 10-year experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1998;14(4):388-392. doi:10.1016/s1010-7940(98)00205-x
Kadmon G, Stern Y, Bron-Harlev E, et al. Computerized scoring system for the diagnosis of foreign body aspiration in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2008;117(11):839-843. doi:10.1177/000348940811701108
Green CG, Eisenberg J, Leong A, et al. Flexible endoscopy of the pediatric airway. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145(1):233-235. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/145.1.233
Antón-Pacheco JL, Martín-Alelú R, López M, et al. Foreign body aspiration in children: Treatment timing and related complications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;144:110690. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110690
Haddadi S, Marzban S, Nemati S, et al. Tracheobronchial Foreign-Bodies in Children; A 7 Year Retrospective Study. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;27(82):377-385.
Özyüksel G, Arslan UE, Boybeyi-Türer Ö, et al. New scoring system to predict foreign body aspiration in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2020;55(8):1663-1666. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.12.01
Boogaard R, Huijsmans SH, Pijnenburg MW, et al. Tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia in children: incidence and patient characteristics. Chest. 2005;128(5):3391-3397. doi:10.1378/chest.128.5.3391
Fraga JC, Jennings RW, Kim PC. Pediatric tracheomalacia. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2016;25(3):156-164. doi:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2016.02.008
Hysinger EB, Friedman NL, Padula MA, et al. Tracheobronchomalacia Is Associated with Increased Morbidity in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(9):1428-1435. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201702-178OC
Brownlee KG, Crabbe DC. Paediatric bronchoscopy. Arch Dis Child. 1997;77(3):272-275. doi:10.1136/adc.77.3.272
McKenzie B, Wood RE, Bailey A. Airway management for unilateral lung lavage in children. Anesthesiology. 1989;70(3):550-553. doi:10.1097/00000542-198903000-00030
Colombo JL, Hallberg TK. Recurrent aspiration in children: lipid-laden alveolar macrophage quantitation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1987;3(2):86-89. doi:10.1002/ppul.1950030209
Ratjen F, Bruch J. Adjustment of bronchoalveolar lavage volume to body weight in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996;21(3):184-188. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(199603)21:3<184::AID-PPUL6>3.0.CO;2-Q
Rizik S, Hakim F, Bentur L, et al. Bronchoscopy and Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Diagnosis and Management of Pulmonary Infections in Immunocompromised Children. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2018;40(7):532-535. doi:10.1097/MPH.0000000000001283
Bada-Bosch I, Pérez-Egido L, García-Casillas MA, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage usefulness in the pediatric population. Rentabilidad del lavado broncoalveolar en la población pediátrica. Cir Pediatr. 2020;33(4):160-165. Published 2020 Oct 1.
de Blic J, Midulla F, Barbato A, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in children. ERS Task Force on bronchoalveolar lavage in children. European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J. 2000;15(1):217-231. doi:10.1183/09031936.00.15121700
Fan LL, Kozinetz CA, Wojtczak HA, et al. Diagnostic value of transbronchial, thoracoscopic, and open lung biopsy in immunocompetent children with chronic interstitial lung disease. J Pediatr. 1997;131(4):565-569. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(97)70063-5
Sullivan P, Stephens D, Ansari T, et al. Variation in the measurements of basement membrane thickness and inflammatory cell number in bronchial biopsies. Eur Respir J. 1998;12(4):811-815. doi:10.1183/09031936.98.12040811
Wong JY, Westall GP, Snell GI. Bronchoscopic procedures and lung biopsies in pediatric lung transplant recipients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015;50(12):1406-1419. doi:10.1002/ppul.23203
Malmström K, Lehto M, Majuri ML, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in infants with recurrent lower respiratory symptoms. Clin Transl Allergy. 2014;4:35. doi:10.1186/2045-7022-4-35
Jaffe RB. Balloon dilation of congenital and acquired stenosis of the trachea and bronchi. Radiology. 1997;203(2):405-409. doi:10.1148/radiology.203.2.9114095
Smith WK, Morrison G. Balloon dilatation following tracheal reconstruction for congenital microtrachea. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2004;68(12):1563-1566. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2004.07.014
Xin Y, Wang G, Gao X, et al. Interventional bronchoscopy via laryngeal mask airway (LMA) under general anesthesia in children using adult flexible bronchoscope. Kuwait Med J. 2016; 48: 317–322.
Messineo A, Narne S, Mognato G, et al. Endoscopic dilation of acquired tracheobronchial stenosis in infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1997;23(2):101-104. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(199702)23:2<101::aid-ppul5>3.0.co;2-s
Ortiz R, Dominguez E, De La Torre C, et al. Early endoscopic dilation and mitomycin application in the treatment of acquired tracheal stenosis. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2014;24(1):39-45. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1357754
Donato LL, Mai Hong Tran T, et al. Pediatric interventional bronchoscopy. Clin Chest Med. 2013;34(3):569-582. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2013.03.002
Fabila TS, Menghraj SJ. One lung ventilation strategies for infants and children undergoing video assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Indian J Anaesth. 2013;57(4):339-344. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.118539
Fayon M, Donato L, de Blic J, et al. French experience of silicone tracheobronchial stenting in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;39(1):21-27. doi:10.1002/ppul.20136
Nicolai T. Airway stents in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008;43(4):330-344. doi:10.1002/ppul.20790
Sztanó B, Kiss G, Márai K, et al. Biodegradable airway stents in infants - Potential life-threatening pitfalls. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;91:86-89. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.10.013
Lund ME, Force S. Airway stenting for patients with benign airway disease and the Food and Drug Administration advisory: a call for restraint. Chest. 2007;132(4):1107-1108. doi:10.1378/chest.07-0242
Naum R, Speed B. Hemoptysis in Pediatric Patients. Cureus. 2019;11(3):e4305. doi:10.7759/cureus.4305
Batra PS, Holinger LD. Etiology and management of pediatric hemoptysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127(4):377-382. doi:10.1001/archotol.127.4.377
Dine AP, Werner SL. Pediatric hemoptysis with pulmonary hemorrhage and respiratory failure. Am J Emerg Med. 2008;26(5):639.e3-639.e639004. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.10.035
Sidman JD, Wheeler WB, Cabalka AK, et al. Management of acute pulmonary hemorrhage in children. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(1):33-35. doi:10.1097/00005537-200101000-00006
Atag E, Unal F, Yazan H, et al. Pediatric flexible bronchoscopy in the intensive care unit: A multicenter study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(9):2925-2931. doi:10.1002/ppul.25566
Galvis AG, Reyes G, Nelson WB. Bedside management of lung collapse in children on mechanical ventilation: saline lavage--simulated cough technique proves simple, effective. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994;17(5):326-330. doi:10.1002/ppul.1950170510
Schindler MB. Treatment of atelectasis: where is the evidence?. Crit Care. 2005;9(4):341-342. doi:10.1186/cc3766
Bar-Zohar D, Sivan Y. The yield of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in pediatric intensive care patients. Chest. 2004;126(4):1353-1359. doi:10.1378/chest.126.4.1353
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Pages
101-114
Published
April 17, 2023
Copyright (c) 2023 Academician Book Portal
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1.
İsbir C. Bronkoskopi Uygulamalarının Çocuk Hastalarda Tanı ve Tedavideki Yeri. In: Alabaz D, editor. Güncel Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları V [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2023 [cited 2026 Jul. 15]. pp. 101-14. Available from: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/2565/chapter/13191
