Okullarda Ruh Sağlığı
Synopsis
Okullar, çocukların ve ergenlerin aileleri dışında en fazla zaman geçirdikleri ortamlardır. Ruhsal gelişimlerini desteklemek, ruh sağlıklarını korumak ve geliştirmek için bu alanda çalışan profesyonellere büyük görevler düşmektedir. Çocuk ve ergenlerin ruhsal sorunlarının saptanabilmesi ve müdahale edilebilmesi için öncelikle yaş dönemlerine özgü sağlıklı ruhsal gelişimin özelliklerine hakim olunması gerekmektedir. Bu özden hareketle bölüm içeriside öncelikle; okul ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin önemi, gelişim dönemlerine göre ruhsal gelişimin özellikleri ve çocuk ruh sağlığını etkileyen faktörlerden bahsedilmiştir. Sonrasında ruhsal bozuklukları ve sorunları fark edebilmek için en çok karşılaşılan ruhsal sorunlara bölüm içerisinde yer verilmiştir. Ayrıca okul temelli ruh sağlığı hizmetleri içerisinde yer alan ruhsal ihtiyaçların belirlenmesi, ruh sağlığının geliştirilmesi ve ruh sağlığının korunmasına yönelik müdahale programları açıklanmıştır.
References
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Evans SW. Mental health services in schools: Utilization, effectiveness, and consent. Clinical Psychology Review, 1999;19(2): 165-178.
T.C.Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. 2021 Yılı Bütçe Raporu. (14.10.2021 tarihinde http://sgb.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2020_12/30125920_2021_BUTCE_SUNUYU.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Stormshak EA, Dishion TJ, Light J, Yasui M. Implementing family-centered interventions within the public middle school: Linking service delivery to change in student problem behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2005;33(6): 723-33.
Zins JE, Elias ME. Social and Emotional Learning. In: Bear GG, Minke KM (eds.) Children’s Needs III. Bethesda: National Association of School Psychologists; 2006. p. 1-13.
Scott TM. A schoolwide example of positive behavioral support. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2001;3(2): 88-94.
Adelman HS, Taylor L. Embedding mental health into school ımprovement policy and practice. Annals Psychiatry Mental Health, 2020;8(2): 1147.
Fazel M, Hoagwood K, Stephan S, et al. Mental health interventions in schools 1: Mental health interventions in schools in high-income countries. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2014;1(5): 377–387. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70312-8
Maree JG. The psychosocial development theory of Erik Erikson: Critical overview. Early Child Development and Care, 2021;191(7-8): 1107-1121.
Batra S. The psychosocial development of children: Implications for education and society—Erik Erikson in context. Contemporary Education Dialogue, 2013;10(2): 249-278.
Yavuzer H. Çocuğunuzun ilk 6 yılı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi; 2018.
Törüner EK, Büyükgönenç L. Çocuk sağlığı temel hemşirelik yaklaşımları. Amasya: Göktuğ Yayıncılık; 2013.
Gleason T. Imaginary companions and peer acceptance. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2004;28(3): 204-209.
Akbayır Z. Çocukluk döneminde hayali arkadaşlıklar ve hayali arkadaşların çocuğun gelişimindeki yeri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 2021;13(4): 820-830.
Saygılı S. Çocuk psikolojisi. İstanbul: Nesil Basım Yayın; 2012.
Petersen I, Lund C. Mental health promotion in developing contexts. In: Knifton L, Quinn N. (eds.) Public mental health global perspectives. New York: Open University Press; 2013.
Yavuzer H. Okul çağı çocuğu. İstanbul. Remzi Kitabevi; 2018.
Yavuzer H. Gençleri anlamak. İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi; 2018.
Gaete V. Psychosocial development of the adolescent. Rev Chil Pediatr, 2015; 86(6): 436-443.
Sanders RA. Adolescent psychosocial, social, and cognitive development. Pediatrics in Review, 2013;34(8): 354-359.
Demircioğlu H, Yoldaş C. Çocukluk ve ergenlik döneminde psikososyal risk faktörleri ve koruyucu unsurlar. Ankara Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 2019;18(1): 40-48.
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Büyükkaragöz SS. Okulda ruh sağlığı. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1986;2(2).
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Esin İS, Dursun OB. Okullarda görülen sorun davranışlar ve okul ruh sağlığı uygulamaları: Bir gözden geçirme. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi, 2014;4(1): 1-9.
Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal elkitabı. (Ertuğrul Köroğlu, Çev. Ed.). Ankara: HYB Basım Yayın; 2013.
Yöntem Fidan T. Bir çocuk-ergen ruh sağlığı ve hastalıkları polikliniğine başvuran çocuk ve ergenlerin ruhsal belirtileri ve risk faktörlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi, 2011;3(1): 1-8.
Sarı BA. Batman’da çocuk psikiyatrisi polikliniğine başvuran hastalarda belirti ve tanı dağılımları. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2013;16(1): 7-17.
Wılens TE, Spencer TJ. Understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from childhood to adulthood. Postgraduate Medicine, 2010; 122(5): 97-109.
Reddy AL, Alperin A. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In: Haen C, Aronson S (eds.) Handbook of child and adolescent group therapy. 1st ed. Ebook; 2016.
Cesur E, Köksal Akyol A. Annelerinin görüşlerine göre DEHB tanılı çocukların okullarda karşılaştıkları sorunlar. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2019;50(50): 80-95.
Klin A, Volkmar F. Asperger syndrome: Diagnosis and external validity. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics. 2003;12(1): 1-13.
Reitzel J, Szatmari P. Cognitive and academic problems. In: Prior M (ed.) Learning and behavior problems in asperger syndrome. New York: Guilford Press; 2009.
Güzel E, Tahiroğlu AY, Bahalı K, et al. Çocukluk çağı bipolar bozukluğu: Olgu sunumları. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 2004;11(3): 130-135.
Van Meter, AR, Moreira, ALR, Youngstrom EA. Meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of pediatric bipolar disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2011;72(9): 1250-1256.
Frıstad MA, Macpherson HA. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent bipolar spectrum disorders. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 2014; 43(3): 339-355.
Papolos D, Papolos, J. The bipolar child. New York: Broadway Publishing; 2006.
Fröjd SA, Nissien ES, Pelkonen MU, et al. Depression and school performance in middle adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Adolescence, 2008;31(4): 485-498.
Mıcalı N, House, J. Assessment measures for child and adolescent eating disorders: A review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2011;16(2): 122-127.
Franko DL, Keshaviah A, Eddy KT, et al. A longitudinal investigation of mortality in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2013;170(8): 917-925.
Birmingham CL, Su J, Hlynsky JA, et al. The mortality rate from anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2005;38(2): 143-146.
Cartwrıght-Hatton S, McNicol, K, Doubleday, E. Anxiety in a neglected population: Prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychology Review, 2006;26(7): 817-833.
Mychaılyszyn MP, Beidas RS, Benjamin CL, et al. Assessing and treating child anxiety in schools. Psychology in the Schools, 2011; 48(3): 223-232.
Piacentini J, Bergman RL, Keller M, et al. Functional impairment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 2003; 13(2): 61-69.
Oflaz, F. Travma yaşamış çocuk ve gençlerin ele alınmasında çocuk-ergen ruh sağlığı ve psikiyatri hemşireliği uygulamaları. Turkiye Klinikleri Dergisi, 2015;1(2): 46-51.
S Ş, Bodur Ş. Bir büyüme masalı: Okul korkusu. Türk Tabipler Birliği. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 2004; 13(6): 234-236.
Menesini, E., & Salmivalli, C. Bullying in schools: the state of knowledge and effective interventions. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 2017;22(sup1): 240-253.
Nakamoto, J., & Schwartz, D. Is peer victimization associated with academic achievement? A meta‐analytic review. Social Development, 2010;19(2): 221-242.
Aksoy A, Ögel K. Kendine zarar verme davranışı. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2003;4: 226-236.
Weston F. Working with self-harming children and young people. British Journal of School Nursing, 2009;4(3): 133-137.
WHO. Suicide worldwide in 2019. (24/10/2021 tarihinde https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240026643 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Pelkonen M, Marttunen M. Child and adolescent suicide. Pediatric Drugs, 2003;5(4): 243-265.
President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America. (25/12/2021 tarihinde https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/mentalhealthcommission/reports/FinalReport/FullReport.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Hendren R, Birrel Weisen R, Orley J. Mental health programmes in school. (06/11/2021 tarihinde https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/62308/WHO_MNH_PSF_93.3_Rev.1.pdf;js adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
O'Connor C, Dyson J, Cowdell F, et al. Do universal school‐based mental health promotion programmes improve the mental health and emotional wellbeing of young people? A literature review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2018;27(3-4): e412-e426.
Allen-Meares P, Montgomery KL, Kim JS. School-based social work interventions: a cross-national systematic review. Social Work, 2013;58(3): 253–262.
O’Reılly M, Svirydzenka N, Adams S, et al. Review of mental health promotion interventions in schools. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2018;53(7): 647-662.
Wells J, Barlow J, Stewart‐Brown S. A systematic review of universal approaches to mental health promotion in schools. Health Education, 2003;103(4): 197-220.
Durlak JA, Weissberg RP, Dymnicki AB, et al. The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta‐analysis of school‐based universal interventions. Child Development, 2011;82(1): 405-432.
Sklad M, Diekstra R, de Ritter M, et al. Effectiveness of school‐based universal social, emotional, and behavioral programs: Do they enhance students’ development in the area of skill, behavior, and adjustment?. Psychology in the Schools, 2012;49(9): 892-909.
Ayotte V, Saucer JF, Bowen F, et al. Teaching multiethnic urban adolescents how to enhance their competencies: Effects of a middle school primary prevention program on adaptation. Journal of Primary Prevention, 2003;24(1): 7-23.
Olweus D. Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1994;35(7): 1171-1190.
Olweus D. Bully/victim problems in school: Facts and intervention. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 1997;12(4): 495-510.
Bauer NS, Lozano P, Rıvara FP. The effectiveness of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program in public middle schools: A controlled trial. J Adolesc Health, 2007;40(3): 266-274.
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T.C.Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. 2021 Yılı Bütçe Raporu. (14.10.2021 tarihinde http://sgb.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2020_12/30125920_2021_BUTCE_SUNUYU.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Stormshak EA, Dishion TJ, Light J, Yasui M. Implementing family-centered interventions within the public middle school: Linking service delivery to change in student problem behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2005;33(6): 723-33.
Zins JE, Elias ME. Social and Emotional Learning. In: Bear GG, Minke KM (eds.) Children’s Needs III. Bethesda: National Association of School Psychologists; 2006. p. 1-13.
Scott TM. A schoolwide example of positive behavioral support. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2001;3(2): 88-94.
Adelman HS, Taylor L. Embedding mental health into school ımprovement policy and practice. Annals Psychiatry Mental Health, 2020;8(2): 1147.
Fazel M, Hoagwood K, Stephan S, et al. Mental health interventions in schools 1: Mental health interventions in schools in high-income countries. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2014;1(5): 377–387. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70312-8
Maree JG. The psychosocial development theory of Erik Erikson: Critical overview. Early Child Development and Care, 2021;191(7-8): 1107-1121.
Batra S. The psychosocial development of children: Implications for education and society—Erik Erikson in context. Contemporary Education Dialogue, 2013;10(2): 249-278.
Yavuzer H. Çocuğunuzun ilk 6 yılı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi; 2018.
Törüner EK, Büyükgönenç L. Çocuk sağlığı temel hemşirelik yaklaşımları. Amasya: Göktuğ Yayıncılık; 2013.
Gleason T. Imaginary companions and peer acceptance. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2004;28(3): 204-209.
Akbayır Z. Çocukluk döneminde hayali arkadaşlıklar ve hayali arkadaşların çocuğun gelişimindeki yeri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 2021;13(4): 820-830.
Saygılı S. Çocuk psikolojisi. İstanbul: Nesil Basım Yayın; 2012.
Petersen I, Lund C. Mental health promotion in developing contexts. In: Knifton L, Quinn N. (eds.) Public mental health global perspectives. New York: Open University Press; 2013.
Yavuzer H. Okul çağı çocuğu. İstanbul. Remzi Kitabevi; 2018.
Yavuzer H. Gençleri anlamak. İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi; 2018.
Gaete V. Psychosocial development of the adolescent. Rev Chil Pediatr, 2015; 86(6): 436-443.
Sanders RA. Adolescent psychosocial, social, and cognitive development. Pediatrics in Review, 2013;34(8): 354-359.
Demircioğlu H, Yoldaş C. Çocukluk ve ergenlik döneminde psikososyal risk faktörleri ve koruyucu unsurlar. Ankara Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 2019;18(1): 40-48.
Kieling C, Baker-Henningham H, Belfer M. et al. Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: evidence for action. The Lancet, 2011;378(9801): 1515-1525.
Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. Çocuk gelişimi ve eğitimi. Okul ve çocuk. (02/10/2021 tarihinde http://ismek.ist/files/ismekOrg/file/2013_hbo_program_modulleri/Okul%20ve%20%C3%87ocuk.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Büyükkaragöz SS. Okulda ruh sağlığı. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1986;2(2).
World Health Organization. Chıld and adolescent mental health polıcıes and plans. (17/10./2021 tarihinde http://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/Childado_mh_module.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on School Health. Policy statement: School- based mental health services, Pediatrics, 2004;113: 1839–1845.
Polanczyk GV, Salum GA, Sugaya LS. et al. Annual research review: A meta‐analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2015;56(3): 345-365.
Şen M. Türkiye'de ergen profili. Aile ve Toplum, 2011;7(27): 89-102.
Esin İS, Dursun OB. Okullarda görülen sorun davranışlar ve okul ruh sağlığı uygulamaları: Bir gözden geçirme. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi, 2014;4(1): 1-9.
Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal elkitabı. (Ertuğrul Köroğlu, Çev. Ed.). Ankara: HYB Basım Yayın; 2013.
Yöntem Fidan T. Bir çocuk-ergen ruh sağlığı ve hastalıkları polikliniğine başvuran çocuk ve ergenlerin ruhsal belirtileri ve risk faktörlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi, 2011;3(1): 1-8.
Sarı BA. Batman’da çocuk psikiyatrisi polikliniğine başvuran hastalarda belirti ve tanı dağılımları. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2013;16(1): 7-17.
Wılens TE, Spencer TJ. Understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from childhood to adulthood. Postgraduate Medicine, 2010; 122(5): 97-109.
Reddy AL, Alperin A. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In: Haen C, Aronson S (eds.) Handbook of child and adolescent group therapy. 1st ed. Ebook; 2016.
Cesur E, Köksal Akyol A. Annelerinin görüşlerine göre DEHB tanılı çocukların okullarda karşılaştıkları sorunlar. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2019;50(50): 80-95.
Klin A, Volkmar F. Asperger syndrome: Diagnosis and external validity. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics. 2003;12(1): 1-13.
Reitzel J, Szatmari P. Cognitive and academic problems. In: Prior M (ed.) Learning and behavior problems in asperger syndrome. New York: Guilford Press; 2009.
Güzel E, Tahiroğlu AY, Bahalı K, et al. Çocukluk çağı bipolar bozukluğu: Olgu sunumları. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 2004;11(3): 130-135.
Van Meter, AR, Moreira, ALR, Youngstrom EA. Meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of pediatric bipolar disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2011;72(9): 1250-1256.
Frıstad MA, Macpherson HA. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent bipolar spectrum disorders. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 2014; 43(3): 339-355.
Papolos D, Papolos, J. The bipolar child. New York: Broadway Publishing; 2006.
Fröjd SA, Nissien ES, Pelkonen MU, et al. Depression and school performance in middle adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Adolescence, 2008;31(4): 485-498.
Mıcalı N, House, J. Assessment measures for child and adolescent eating disorders: A review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2011;16(2): 122-127.
Franko DL, Keshaviah A, Eddy KT, et al. A longitudinal investigation of mortality in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2013;170(8): 917-925.
Birmingham CL, Su J, Hlynsky JA, et al. The mortality rate from anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2005;38(2): 143-146.
Cartwrıght-Hatton S, McNicol, K, Doubleday, E. Anxiety in a neglected population: Prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychology Review, 2006;26(7): 817-833.
Mychaılyszyn MP, Beidas RS, Benjamin CL, et al. Assessing and treating child anxiety in schools. Psychology in the Schools, 2011; 48(3): 223-232.
Piacentini J, Bergman RL, Keller M, et al. Functional impairment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 2003; 13(2): 61-69.
Oflaz, F. Travma yaşamış çocuk ve gençlerin ele alınmasında çocuk-ergen ruh sağlığı ve psikiyatri hemşireliği uygulamaları. Turkiye Klinikleri Dergisi, 2015;1(2): 46-51.
S Ş, Bodur Ş. Bir büyüme masalı: Okul korkusu. Türk Tabipler Birliği. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 2004; 13(6): 234-236.
Menesini, E., & Salmivalli, C. Bullying in schools: the state of knowledge and effective interventions. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 2017;22(sup1): 240-253.
Nakamoto, J., & Schwartz, D. Is peer victimization associated with academic achievement? A meta‐analytic review. Social Development, 2010;19(2): 221-242.
Aksoy A, Ögel K. Kendine zarar verme davranışı. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2003;4: 226-236.
Weston F. Working with self-harming children and young people. British Journal of School Nursing, 2009;4(3): 133-137.
WHO. Suicide worldwide in 2019. (24/10/2021 tarihinde https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240026643 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Pelkonen M, Marttunen M. Child and adolescent suicide. Pediatric Drugs, 2003;5(4): 243-265.
President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America. (25/12/2021 tarihinde https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/mentalhealthcommission/reports/FinalReport/FullReport.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Hendren R, Birrel Weisen R, Orley J. Mental health programmes in school. (06/11/2021 tarihinde https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/62308/WHO_MNH_PSF_93.3_Rev.1.pdf;js adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
O'Connor C, Dyson J, Cowdell F, et al. Do universal school‐based mental health promotion programmes improve the mental health and emotional wellbeing of young people? A literature review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2018;27(3-4): e412-e426.
Allen-Meares P, Montgomery KL, Kim JS. School-based social work interventions: a cross-national systematic review. Social Work, 2013;58(3): 253–262.
O’Reılly M, Svirydzenka N, Adams S, et al. Review of mental health promotion interventions in schools. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2018;53(7): 647-662.
Wells J, Barlow J, Stewart‐Brown S. A systematic review of universal approaches to mental health promotion in schools. Health Education, 2003;103(4): 197-220.
Durlak JA, Weissberg RP, Dymnicki AB, et al. The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta‐analysis of school‐based universal interventions. Child Development, 2011;82(1): 405-432.
Sklad M, Diekstra R, de Ritter M, et al. Effectiveness of school‐based universal social, emotional, and behavioral programs: Do they enhance students’ development in the area of skill, behavior, and adjustment?. Psychology in the Schools, 2012;49(9): 892-909.
Ayotte V, Saucer JF, Bowen F, et al. Teaching multiethnic urban adolescents how to enhance their competencies: Effects of a middle school primary prevention program on adaptation. Journal of Primary Prevention, 2003;24(1): 7-23.
Olweus D. Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1994;35(7): 1171-1190.
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Pages
405-428
Published
April 3, 2023
Copyright (c) 2023 Academician Book Portal
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1.
Sarıtaş M, Ata EE. Okullarda Ruh Sağlığı. In: Ünsal G, Avcı D, Duran S, editors. Toplum Ruh Sağlığı Hemşireliği [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2023 [cited 2026 Jul. 16]. pp. 405-28. Available from: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/2510/chapter/12853
