Chlorella
Synopsis
Chlorella genellikle tatlı sularda tespit edilen tek hücreli algdir. Proteinler, aminoasitler, vitaminler, klorofil ve karotenoidlerden zengin içeriği sayesinde farklı kullanım alanları bulunmaktadır. Onkolojik çalışmalarda Chlorella türlerine ait ekstratlar doğrudan ya da içeriğindeki bileşenler ayrıştırılarak kullanılmıştır. İn-vitro hücresel çalışmalarda ve hayvan deneylerinde antikanser etkileri gösterilmiş olsa da onkoloji alanında geniş kontrollü insan çalışması bulunmamaktadır. Bu bölümde kısaca Chlorella’nın genel özellikleri, kullanım alanları, olası yan etkiler, ilaç etkileşimleri konusunda bilgi verilmesi; ardından onkoloji alanındaki çalışmaların özetlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Chlorella is a single-celled algae usually detected in freshwater. It has different usage areas because of its rich content of proteins, amino acids, vitamins, chlorophyll and carotenoids. In the oncological studies, extracts of Chlorella species were used directly or by separating the components. Although anticancer effects have been demonstrated in in-vitro cellular studies and animal experiments, there are no large controlled human studies in the field of oncology. In this section, it is aimed to summarize the studies in the field of oncology after giving brief information about Chlorella's general properties, areas of use, possible side effects, and drug interactions.
References
Krienitz L, Hegewald EH, Hepperle D. Phylogenetic relationship of Chlorella and Parachlorella gen. nov. (Chloropyta, Trebouxiophyceae). Phycologia. 2004;43(5): 529–542. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-43-5-529.1
Loos E, Meindl D. Composition of the cell wall of Chlorella fusca. Planta. 1982;156: 270-273.
Becker EW. Micro-algae as a source of protein. Biotechnology Advances. 2007;25(2): 207-210. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.11.002
Cha KH, Koo SY, Lee DU. Antiproliferative effects of carotenoids extracted from Chlorella ellipsoidea and Chlorella vulgaris on human colon cancer cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008;56(22): 10521-10526. doi:10.1021/jf802111x
Safi C, Zebib B, Merah O. Morphology, composition, production, processing and applications of Chlorella vulgaris: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014;35: 265-278. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.007
Brennan L, Owende P. Biofuels from microalgae – a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2010;14: 557–77. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009
Rzymski P, Jaśkiewicz M. Microalgal food supplements from the perspective of Polish consumers: patterns of use, adverse events, and beneficial effects. Journal of applied phycology. 2017;29: 1841-1850. doi:10.1007/s10811-017-1079-5
Abreu AP, Martins R, Nunes J. Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. Bioengineering. 2023;10(8), 955. doi:10.3390/bioengineering10080955
Tran NH, Bartlett JR, Kannangara GSK. Catalytic upgrading of biorefinery oil from micro-algae. Fuel. 2010;89(2): 265-274. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.015
Guzmán S, Gato A, Lamela M. Anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharide from Chlorella stigmatophora and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Phytotherapy Research. 2003;17(6): 665-670. doi:10.1002/ptr.1227
Justo GZ, Silva MR, Queiroz MLS. Effects of the green algae Chlorella vulgaris on the response of the host hematopoietic system to intraperitoneal ehrlich ascites tumor transplantation in mice. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2021;23(1): 119-132. doi: 10.1081/IPH-100102573
Azocar J, Diaz A. Efficacy and safety of Chlorella supplementation in adults with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013;19(7): 1085-1090. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i7.1085
Sedighi M, Jalili H, Ranaei SSO. Potential health effects of enzymatic protein hydrolysates from Chlorella vulgaris. Applied Food Biotechnology. 2016;3(3): 160-169. doi:10.22037/afb.v3i3.11306
Queiroz JS, Barbosa CMV, Rocha MC. Chlorella vulgaris treatment ameliorates the suppressive effects of single and repeated stressors on hematopoiesis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2013;29: 39-50. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.12.001
Morris HJ, Carrillo O, Almarales A. Immunostimulant activity of an enzymatic protein hydrolysate from green microalga Chlorella vulgaris on undernourished mice. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 2007;40(3): 456-460.
Sano T, Kumamoto Y, Kamiya N. Effect of lipophilic extract of Chlorella vulgaris on alimentary hyperlipidemia in cholesterol-fed rats. Artery. 1988;15(4): 217-224.
Y Yamori. Experimental evidence for dietary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.1989;16(4): 303-7. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1989.tb01562.x.
C Jong-Yuh, S Mei-Fen. Potential hypoglycemic effects of Chlorella in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Life Sciences. 2005;77(9): 980-990. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.12.036
Kim KA, Cha KH, Choi SJ. The Extract of Chlorella vulgaris Protects Transformed Retinal Ganglion Cells from Oxidative Stress‐induced Cells Death. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2014;38(2): 129-139. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.12030
Merchant RE, Andre CA. A review of recent clinical trials of the nutritional supplement Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the treatment of fibromyalgia, hypertension, and ulcerative colitis. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001;7(3): 79-91.
Li L, Li W, Kim Y. Chlorella vulgaris extract ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic injury in mice. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 2013;65(1-2): 73-80. doi:10.1016/j.etp.2011.06.003
Miranda MS, Sato S, Mancini-Filho J. Antioxidant activity of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris cultered on special conditions. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico. 2001;140(3):165-168. PMID: 11486607
LactMed® Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-. 25.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501822/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Sasaki T, Sato Y, Kumagai T. Effect of health foods on cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism. 2017;3:14. doi:10.1186/s40780-017-0083-x
Medscape® 25.12.2023 tarihinde https://reference.medscape.com/drug/china-chlorella-green-algae-chlorella-344567 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Nomoto K, Yokokura T, Satoh H. Antitumor activity of chlorella extract, PCM-4, by oral administration. Gan to Kagaku ryoho. Cancer & Chemotherapy. 1983;10(3): 781-785. PMID: 6881997
Tanaka K, Konishi F, Himeno K. Augmentation of antitumor resistance by a strain of unicellular green algae, Chlorella vulgaris. Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy. 1984;17: 90-94.
Yusof YAM, Saad SM, Makpol S. Hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris induced DNA damage and apoptosis. Clinics. 2010; 65(12): 1371-1377. Doi: 10.1590/S1807-59322010001200023
Kubatka P, Kapinová A, Kružliak P. Antineoplastic effects of Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the breast cancer model. Nutrition. 2015;31(4): 560-569. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.08.010
Arifin KT, Sulaiman S, Saad S. Elevation of tumour markers TGF-β, M2-PK, OV-6 and AFP in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-induced rats and their suppression by microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. BMC Cancer. 2017;879. doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3883-3
Cha KH, Koo SY, Lee DU. Antiproliferative Effects of Carotenoids Extracted from Chlorella ellipsoidea and Chlorella vulgaris on Human Colon Cancer Cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008;56(22): 10521-10526. doi:10.1021/jf802111x
Clinton SK, Emenhiser C, Schwartz SJ. Cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in the human prostate. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5(10): 823–833.
Renju GL, Kurup GM, Bandugula VR. Effect of lycopene isolated from Chlorella marina on proliferation and apoptosis in human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Tumor Biology. 2014;35: 10747-10758. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-2339-5
Marqus S, Pirogova E, Piva TJ. Evaluation of the use of therapeutic peptides for cancer treatment. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2017;24(21). doi:10.1186/s12929-017-0328-x
Boohaker RJ, Lee MW, Vishnubhotla P. The use of therapeutic peptides to target and to kill cancer cells. Current medicinal chemistry. 2012;19(22): 3794-3804.
Wang X, Zhang X. Separation, antitumor activities, and encapsulation of polypeptide from Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Biotechnology Progress. 2013; 29(3): 681-687. doi:10.1002/btpr.1725
Sheih IC, Fang TJ, Wu TK. Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities of the Peptide Fraction from Algae Protein Waste. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2010;58(2): 1202-1207. doi:10.1021/jf903089m
Vilakazi H, Olasehinde TA, Olaniran AO. Chemical Characterization, Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Extracts from Chlorella sp. S14. Molecules. 2021;26(14): 4109. doi:10.3390/molecules26144109
Sheng J, Yu F, Xin Z. Preparation, identification and their antitumor activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Food Chemistry. 2007;105(2): 533-539. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.018
Zhang j, Liu L, Chen F. Production and characterization of exopolysaccharides from Chlorella zofingiensis and Chlorella vulgaris with anti-colorectal cancer activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019;134: 976-983. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.117
Sawasdee N, Jantakee K, Wathikthinnakon M. Microalga Chlorella sp. extract induced apoptotic cell death of cholangiocarcinoma via AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2023;160: 114306. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114306
Ishiguro S, Robben N, Tamura M. Cell Wall Membrane Fraction of Chlorella sorokiniana Enhances Host Antitumor Immunity and Inhibits Colon Carcinoma Growth in Mice. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2020;19. doi:10.1177/1534735419900555
Hussein HA, Kassim MNI, Maulidiani M. Cytotoxicity and 1H NMR metabolomics analyses of microalgal extracts for synergistic application with Tamoxifen on breast cancer cells with reduced toxicity against Vero cells. Heliyon. 2022;8(3).
Lin PY, Tsai CT, Chuang WL. Chlorella sorokiniana induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer cells and inhibits xenograft tumor growth in vivo. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2017;17(88). doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1611-9
Zhong D, Li W, Hua S. Calcium phosphate engineered photosynthetic microalgae to combat hypoxic-tumor by in-situ modulating hypoxia and cascade radio-phototherapy. Theranostics. 2021;11(8): 3580–3594. doi:10.7150/thno.55441
Lee C, Lim K, Kim SS. Chlorella-gold nanorods hydrogels generating photosynthesis-derived oxygen and mild heat for the treatment of hypoxic breast cancer. Journal of Controlled Release. 2019; 294:77-90. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.011
Merchant RE, Rice CD, Young HF. Dietary Chlorella pyrenoidosa for patients with malignant glioma: Effects on immunocompetence, quality of life, and survival. Phytotherapy Research. 1990;4(6): 220-231. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650040605
Noguchi N, Maruyama I, Yamada A. The Influence of Chlorella and Its Hot Water Extract Supplementation on Quality of Life in Patients with Breast Cancer. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/704619
Loos E, Meindl D. Composition of the cell wall of Chlorella fusca. Planta. 1982;156: 270-273.
Becker EW. Micro-algae as a source of protein. Biotechnology Advances. 2007;25(2): 207-210. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.11.002
Cha KH, Koo SY, Lee DU. Antiproliferative effects of carotenoids extracted from Chlorella ellipsoidea and Chlorella vulgaris on human colon cancer cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008;56(22): 10521-10526. doi:10.1021/jf802111x
Safi C, Zebib B, Merah O. Morphology, composition, production, processing and applications of Chlorella vulgaris: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014;35: 265-278. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.007
Brennan L, Owende P. Biofuels from microalgae – a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2010;14: 557–77. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009
Rzymski P, Jaśkiewicz M. Microalgal food supplements from the perspective of Polish consumers: patterns of use, adverse events, and beneficial effects. Journal of applied phycology. 2017;29: 1841-1850. doi:10.1007/s10811-017-1079-5
Abreu AP, Martins R, Nunes J. Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. Bioengineering. 2023;10(8), 955. doi:10.3390/bioengineering10080955
Tran NH, Bartlett JR, Kannangara GSK. Catalytic upgrading of biorefinery oil from micro-algae. Fuel. 2010;89(2): 265-274. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.015
Guzmán S, Gato A, Lamela M. Anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharide from Chlorella stigmatophora and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Phytotherapy Research. 2003;17(6): 665-670. doi:10.1002/ptr.1227
Justo GZ, Silva MR, Queiroz MLS. Effects of the green algae Chlorella vulgaris on the response of the host hematopoietic system to intraperitoneal ehrlich ascites tumor transplantation in mice. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2021;23(1): 119-132. doi: 10.1081/IPH-100102573
Azocar J, Diaz A. Efficacy and safety of Chlorella supplementation in adults with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013;19(7): 1085-1090. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i7.1085
Sedighi M, Jalili H, Ranaei SSO. Potential health effects of enzymatic protein hydrolysates from Chlorella vulgaris. Applied Food Biotechnology. 2016;3(3): 160-169. doi:10.22037/afb.v3i3.11306
Queiroz JS, Barbosa CMV, Rocha MC. Chlorella vulgaris treatment ameliorates the suppressive effects of single and repeated stressors on hematopoiesis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2013;29: 39-50. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.12.001
Morris HJ, Carrillo O, Almarales A. Immunostimulant activity of an enzymatic protein hydrolysate from green microalga Chlorella vulgaris on undernourished mice. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 2007;40(3): 456-460.
Sano T, Kumamoto Y, Kamiya N. Effect of lipophilic extract of Chlorella vulgaris on alimentary hyperlipidemia in cholesterol-fed rats. Artery. 1988;15(4): 217-224.
Y Yamori. Experimental evidence for dietary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.1989;16(4): 303-7. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1989.tb01562.x.
C Jong-Yuh, S Mei-Fen. Potential hypoglycemic effects of Chlorella in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Life Sciences. 2005;77(9): 980-990. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.12.036
Kim KA, Cha KH, Choi SJ. The Extract of Chlorella vulgaris Protects Transformed Retinal Ganglion Cells from Oxidative Stress‐induced Cells Death. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2014;38(2): 129-139. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.12030
Merchant RE, Andre CA. A review of recent clinical trials of the nutritional supplement Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the treatment of fibromyalgia, hypertension, and ulcerative colitis. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001;7(3): 79-91.
Li L, Li W, Kim Y. Chlorella vulgaris extract ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic injury in mice. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 2013;65(1-2): 73-80. doi:10.1016/j.etp.2011.06.003
Miranda MS, Sato S, Mancini-Filho J. Antioxidant activity of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris cultered on special conditions. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico. 2001;140(3):165-168. PMID: 11486607
LactMed® Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-. 25.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501822/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Sasaki T, Sato Y, Kumagai T. Effect of health foods on cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism. 2017;3:14. doi:10.1186/s40780-017-0083-x
Medscape® 25.12.2023 tarihinde https://reference.medscape.com/drug/china-chlorella-green-algae-chlorella-344567 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Nomoto K, Yokokura T, Satoh H. Antitumor activity of chlorella extract, PCM-4, by oral administration. Gan to Kagaku ryoho. Cancer & Chemotherapy. 1983;10(3): 781-785. PMID: 6881997
Tanaka K, Konishi F, Himeno K. Augmentation of antitumor resistance by a strain of unicellular green algae, Chlorella vulgaris. Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy. 1984;17: 90-94.
Yusof YAM, Saad SM, Makpol S. Hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris induced DNA damage and apoptosis. Clinics. 2010; 65(12): 1371-1377. Doi: 10.1590/S1807-59322010001200023
Kubatka P, Kapinová A, Kružliak P. Antineoplastic effects of Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the breast cancer model. Nutrition. 2015;31(4): 560-569. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.08.010
Arifin KT, Sulaiman S, Saad S. Elevation of tumour markers TGF-β, M2-PK, OV-6 and AFP in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-induced rats and their suppression by microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. BMC Cancer. 2017;879. doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3883-3
Cha KH, Koo SY, Lee DU. Antiproliferative Effects of Carotenoids Extracted from Chlorella ellipsoidea and Chlorella vulgaris on Human Colon Cancer Cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008;56(22): 10521-10526. doi:10.1021/jf802111x
Clinton SK, Emenhiser C, Schwartz SJ. Cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in the human prostate. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5(10): 823–833.
Renju GL, Kurup GM, Bandugula VR. Effect of lycopene isolated from Chlorella marina on proliferation and apoptosis in human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Tumor Biology. 2014;35: 10747-10758. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-2339-5
Marqus S, Pirogova E, Piva TJ. Evaluation of the use of therapeutic peptides for cancer treatment. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2017;24(21). doi:10.1186/s12929-017-0328-x
Boohaker RJ, Lee MW, Vishnubhotla P. The use of therapeutic peptides to target and to kill cancer cells. Current medicinal chemistry. 2012;19(22): 3794-3804.
Wang X, Zhang X. Separation, antitumor activities, and encapsulation of polypeptide from Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Biotechnology Progress. 2013; 29(3): 681-687. doi:10.1002/btpr.1725
Sheih IC, Fang TJ, Wu TK. Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities of the Peptide Fraction from Algae Protein Waste. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2010;58(2): 1202-1207. doi:10.1021/jf903089m
Vilakazi H, Olasehinde TA, Olaniran AO. Chemical Characterization, Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Extracts from Chlorella sp. S14. Molecules. 2021;26(14): 4109. doi:10.3390/molecules26144109
Sheng J, Yu F, Xin Z. Preparation, identification and their antitumor activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Food Chemistry. 2007;105(2): 533-539. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.018
Zhang j, Liu L, Chen F. Production and characterization of exopolysaccharides from Chlorella zofingiensis and Chlorella vulgaris with anti-colorectal cancer activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019;134: 976-983. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.117
Sawasdee N, Jantakee K, Wathikthinnakon M. Microalga Chlorella sp. extract induced apoptotic cell death of cholangiocarcinoma via AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2023;160: 114306. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114306
Ishiguro S, Robben N, Tamura M. Cell Wall Membrane Fraction of Chlorella sorokiniana Enhances Host Antitumor Immunity and Inhibits Colon Carcinoma Growth in Mice. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2020;19. doi:10.1177/1534735419900555
Hussein HA, Kassim MNI, Maulidiani M. Cytotoxicity and 1H NMR metabolomics analyses of microalgal extracts for synergistic application with Tamoxifen on breast cancer cells with reduced toxicity against Vero cells. Heliyon. 2022;8(3).
Lin PY, Tsai CT, Chuang WL. Chlorella sorokiniana induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer cells and inhibits xenograft tumor growth in vivo. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2017;17(88). doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1611-9
Zhong D, Li W, Hua S. Calcium phosphate engineered photosynthetic microalgae to combat hypoxic-tumor by in-situ modulating hypoxia and cascade radio-phototherapy. Theranostics. 2021;11(8): 3580–3594. doi:10.7150/thno.55441
Lee C, Lim K, Kim SS. Chlorella-gold nanorods hydrogels generating photosynthesis-derived oxygen and mild heat for the treatment of hypoxic breast cancer. Journal of Controlled Release. 2019; 294:77-90. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.011
Merchant RE, Rice CD, Young HF. Dietary Chlorella pyrenoidosa for patients with malignant glioma: Effects on immunocompetence, quality of life, and survival. Phytotherapy Research. 1990;4(6): 220-231. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650040605
Noguchi N, Maruyama I, Yamada A. The Influence of Chlorella and Its Hot Water Extract Supplementation on Quality of Life in Patients with Breast Cancer. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/704619
Pages
391-396
Published
March 11, 2024
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Dinç Sonuşen Ş. Chlorella. In: Sakin A, editor. Kanser Hastalarının Başvurduğu Geleneksel ve Tamamlayıcı Tedaviler - Tıbbi Onkolog Gözü ile Bakış ve Onkolojik İlaçlarla Etkileşim [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2024 [cited 2026 Jul. 13]. pp. 391-6. Available from: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/2380/chapter/13971
