Spirulina
Synopsis
Spirulina, Arthrospira platensis ve Arthrospira maxima içeren iki siyanobakter türünü tanımlamak için verilen ticari bir isimdir. Dünya çapında en çok yetiştirilen alg türüdür. Günümüzde üretilen Spirulina biyokütlesinin çoğu, "süper gıda" olarak tanıtılan ve kurutulmuş toz, pul veya kapsül olarak satılan bir besin takviyesi olarak tüketilmektedir. Spirulina'nın Uluslararası Uygulamalı Mikrobiyoloji Derneği tarafından gıda kaynağı olarak tanınması 1967 yılından sonra gerçekleşmiştir. Spirulina proteinler, lipidler,vitaminler ve mineraller açısıdan zengindir. Özellikle fikosiyanin meme kanserinde, akciğer kanserinde ve hepatosellüler kanserde in vitro ve in vivo olarak anti-kanser etkisi gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Tıbbi onkoloji alanında spirulina faydalı olabileceği gösteren fare çalışmaları mevcuttur. Belirgin yan etkileri saptanmamıştır. Ancak etkilerinin daha iyi aydınlatılabilmesi için geniş kapsamlı daha çok çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.
Spirulina is a trade name given to describe two species of cyanobacteria, Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima. It is the most widely cultivated algae species worldwide. Most of the Spirulina biomass produced today is consumed as a dietary supplement, promoted as a "superfood" and sold as dried powder, flakes or capsules. It was not until 1967 that Spirulina was recognized as a food source by the International Society for Applied Microbiology. Spirulina is rich in proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals. In particular, phycocyanin has been found to have anti-cancer effects in vitro and in vivo in breast cancer, lung cancer and hepatocellular cancer. There are mouse studies showing that spirulina may be useful in medical oncology. No significant side effects have been detected. However, more extensive studies are needed to better elucidate its effects.
References
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EU (2015). Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods, amending Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EC) No 258/97. of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1852/2001. Official Journal of the European Union, L327, 1–22.
Effect of microalgal biomass incorporation into foods: Nutritional and sensorial attributes of the end products. Lafarga, T. (2019a) 41, 101566, Algal Research, .
High variability in nutritional value and safety of commercially available Chlorella and Spirulina biomass indicates the need for smart production strategies. . Muys, M., ve diğerleri. 2019, 275, 247−57, Bioresour. Technol.
The effects of Spirulina Platensis on anthropometric indices, appetite, lipid profile and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in obese individuals: A randomized double blinded placebo controlled trial. . Zeinalian, R., ve diğerleri. 2017, 17, 4−11, BMC Complementary Altern. Med. .
Spirulina ameliorates methotrexate hepatotoxicity via antioxidant, immune stimulation, and proinflam- matory cytokines and apoptotic proteins modulation. . Khafaga, A. F. ve El-Sayed, Y. S. 2018, 196, 9−17, Life Sci. .
Effects of spirulina consumption on body weight, blood pressure, and endothelial function in overweight hypertensive Caucasians:A doubleblind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. . Miczke, A., ve diğerleri. 2016, 20, 150−156, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol Sci. .
A randomized study to establish the effects of spirulina in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. . Lee, E. H., ve diğerleri. 2008, 2, 295, Nutr. Res. Pract. .
A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. . Rodriguez-Concepcion, M., Avalos, J., Bonet, M. L., Boronat, A., Gomez-Gomez, L., Hornero-Mendez, D., ... Zhu, C. (2018). 70, 62–93, Progress in Lipid Research, .
Comparison of the biochemical composition of different Arthrospira platensis strains from Algeria, Chad and the USA. Aouir, A., ve diğerleri. 2017, 11, 913−23, J. Food Meas Charact. .
Spirulina, the edible microorganism. O., Ciferri. 1983; 47(4): 551-78, Microbiol Rev;.
Amino acid composition of some mexican foods. . Morales de León J, Bourges H, Camacho ME. 2005; 55(2): 172-86, Arch Latinoam Nutr.
Nutritional and therapeutic potential of Spirulina. Khan Z, Bhadouria P, Bisen PS. 2005; 6: 373-9, Curr Pharm Biotech.
Comparative effects of exogenous fatty acid supplementations on the lipids from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Pham Quoc K, Dubacq JP, Demandre C, et al. 1994; 32(4): 501-9 , Plan Physiol Biochem .
Uso tradicional y ac- tual de Spirulina sp. Ramírez-Moreno L, Olvera-Sánchez R. 2006; 657-63, 31(9):, INCI .
Spirulina in health care management. Kulshreshtha A, Zacharia A, Jarouliya U, et al. 2008; 9: 400-5, Curr Pharm Biotech .
Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis. Sankaranarayanan R, Nair PP, Varhese C, et al. 1995; 24(2): 197-202, Nutr Cancer.
Tumor necrosis factor in experimental can- cer regression with alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, cathaxan- thin and algae extract. Shklar G, Swartz J. 1988; 24(5): 839-50. , Eur Cancer Clin Oncol .
egression of experimental hamster can- cer by beta carotene and algae extracts. . Schwartz J, Shklar G. R. 1987; 45(6): 510-5, J Oral Maxillofac Surg .
Vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability. . F., Watanabe. 1266-74, 232 2007, , Exp Biol Med.
Utilization of beta-carotene from Spiruli- na platensis by rats. Kapoor R, Mehta U. 1993; 43(1): 1-7. , Plants Foods Hum Nutr .
Studies on the bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoide, beta-carotene, using human exfoliated colonic epithelial cells. Gireesh T, Nair PP, Sudhakaran PR. 2004; 92(2): 241-5, Br J Nutr .
Spirulina as a source of vitamin A. . Annapurna VV, Deosthale TG, Bamji MS. 1991; 41(2): 125-34, Plants Food Hum Nutr .
Effects of graded dietary levels of Spirulina maxima on vitamins A and E in male rats. x. Mitchell GV, Grundel E, Jenkins M, et al. 1990; 120(10): 1235, J Nutr .
Nutritional characterization of traditional and improved dihe,alimentary blue- green algae from the lake Chad region in Africa. LWT -. Carcea, M., ve diğerleri. 2015, 62, 753−63, Food Sci. Technol.
Effects of vegetarian diets on aging and longevity. . P., Walter. 1997; 55(1): S61-8, Nutr Rev.
World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Assessing the iron status of populations. Geneva: World Health Organization ve 2007.
American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. Craig WJ, Mangels AR, J. 2009; 109(7): 1266-82, Am Diet Assoc. .
Chemoprotective effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira) against cyclophosphamide-induced mutagenicity in mice. . Chamorro-Cevallos G, Garduño-Siciliano L, Barron BL, et al. 2008; 567-74, 46(2), Food Chem Toxicol .
Soluble extract from Moringa oleifera leaves with a new anticancer activity. . IL., Jung. 2014; 9(4):e95492, PLoS ONE.
Alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential by Spirulina platensis C-phycocyanin induces apoptosis in the doxorubicinresistant human hepatocellular-carcinoma cell line HepG2. Roy KR, Arunasree KM, Reddy NP, Dheeraj B, Reddy GV, Reddanna P. 2007;47(Pt 3):159–67, Biotechnol Appl Biochem.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of C-phycocyanin from blue–green algae. . Romay C, Armesto J, Remirez D, Gonzalez R, Ledon N, Garcia I. 1998; 47(1):36–41, Inflamm Res. .
Apoptotic mechanism of MCF-7 breast cells in vivo and in vitro induced by photodynamic therapy with C-phycocyanin. . Li B, Chu X, Gao M, Li W. 2010; 42(1):80–9, Acta Biochim Biophys Sin.
The synergistic antitumor effects of all-trans retinoic acid and C-phycocyanin on the lung cancer A549 cells in vitro and in vivo. . Li B, Gao MH, Chu XM, Teng L, Lv CY, Yang P, Yin QF. 2015; 749:107–14, Eur J Pharmacol. .
Available online:https://www.who.int/news/item/03-02-2023-who-launches-new-roadmap-on-breast-cancer. Organisation(WHO)., World Health.
Breast Cancer Molecular Stratification: From Intrinsic Subtypes to Integrative Clusters. . Russnes, H.G., ve diğerleri. 2017, 187, 2152–2162, Am. J. Pathol. .
Advances in Novel Drug Delivery Strategies for Breast Cancer Therapy. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. . Dhankhar, R., ve diğerleri. 2010, 38, 230–249, Biotechnol. .
Comparisons between different polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer: Meta-analyses of long-term outcome among 100,000 women in 123 randomised trials. . (EBCTCG), Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group, ve diğerleri. 2012, 379, 432–444), Lancet .
Advances in Novel Drug Delivery Strategies for Breast Cancer Therapy. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. . Dhankhar, R., ve diğerleri. 2010, 38, 230–249, Biotechnol. .
Prophylactic oophorectomy to reduce the risk of ovarian and breast cancer in carriers of BRCA mutations. Haber, D. 2002, 346, 1660–1662, N. Engl. J. Med. .
Heterogeneity of the Effect of Family History on Breast Cancer Risk. . Byrne, C., ve diğerleri. 1991, 2, 276–284, Epidemiology .
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Through a glass darkly: advances in understanding breast cancer biology, 2000-2010. LA., Carey. 2010 Jun;10(3):188-95.
Asian ethnicity and breast cancer subtypes: a study from the California Cancer Registry. . Telli ML, Chang ET, Kurian AW, Keegan TH, McClure LA, Lichtensztajn D, Ford JM, Gomez SL. 2011;127(2):471–8, Breast Cancer Res Treat. .
Triple-negative breast cancer. Foulkes WD, Smith IE, Reis-Filho JS. 2010;363(20):1938–48, N Engl J Med.
MAP kinase signalling cascades and transcriptional regulation. . Yang SH, Sharrocks AD, Whitmarsh AJ. 2013; 513(1):1–13, Gene.
Downregulation of protein kinase CK2 induces autophagic cell death through modulation of the mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in human glioblastoma cells. . Olsen BB, Svenstrup TH, Guerra B. 2012; 41(6):1967–76, Int J Oncol. .
The MAPK signalling pathways and colorectal cancer. . Fang JY, Richardson BC. 2005; 6(5):322–7, Lancet Oncol. .
Ras/Erk MAPK signaling in epidermal homeostasis and neoplasia. Khavari TA, Rinn J. 2007;6(23):2928–31., Cell Cycle. .
JNK phosphorylation of Bim-related members of the Bcl2 family induces Bax-dependent apoptosis. . Lei K, Davis RJ. 2003; 100(5):2432–7, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. .
C-Phycocyanin exerts anti-cancer effects via the MAPK signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. . Jiang L, Wang Y, Liu G, Liu H, Zhu F, Ji H, Li B. 2018 Jan 25; 29416441, 18:12. , Cancer Cell Int. .
Evaluating Anticancer and Immunomodulatory Effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis and Gamma-Tocotrienol Supplementation in a Syngeneic Mouse Model of Breast Cancer. Subramaiam H, Chu WL, Radhakrishnan AK, Chakravarthi S, Selvaduray KR, Kok YY. 2021 Jul 6;13(7):2320, Nutrients. .
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The In Vitro Anti-Tumor Activity of Phycocyanin against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. . Hao S, Yan Y, Li S, Zhao L, Zhang C, Liu L, Wang C. 2018 May 23; 16(6):178, Mar Drugs. .
Selenium enhances photodynamic therapy of C-phycocyanin against lung cancer via dual regulation of cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity. . Shen J, Xia H, Zhou X, Zhang L, Gao Q, He K, Liu D, Huang B. 2023 Nov 22;55(12):1925-1937, Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai).
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In vitro assessment of the cytotoxic effects of secondary metabolites from Spirulina platensis on hepatocellular carcinoma. Akbarizare M, Ofoghi H, Hadizadeh M, et al. 10, Article number: 11 (2020), Egypt Liver J.
The Inhibitory Effect of C-phycocyanin Containing Protein Extract (C-PC Extract) on Human Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in Hepatocellular Cancer Cell Line (HepG2). Kunte M, Desai K. 2017 Jun;36(3):186-195., Protein J.
In M. E. Gershwin, & A. Belay (Eds.). Spirulina in human nutrition and health. [kitap yaz.] A. Belay. Spirulina (Athrospira) production and quality assurance. (2008) (pp. 1–26). Boca Raton, US: CRC Press.
EU (2015). Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods, amending Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EC) No 258/97. of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1852/2001. Official Journal of the European Union, L327, 1–22.
Effect of microalgal biomass incorporation into foods: Nutritional and sensorial attributes of the end products. Lafarga, T. (2019a) 41, 101566, Algal Research, .
High variability in nutritional value and safety of commercially available Chlorella and Spirulina biomass indicates the need for smart production strategies. . Muys, M., ve diğerleri. 2019, 275, 247−57, Bioresour. Technol.
The effects of Spirulina Platensis on anthropometric indices, appetite, lipid profile and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in obese individuals: A randomized double blinded placebo controlled trial. . Zeinalian, R., ve diğerleri. 2017, 17, 4−11, BMC Complementary Altern. Med. .
Spirulina ameliorates methotrexate hepatotoxicity via antioxidant, immune stimulation, and proinflam- matory cytokines and apoptotic proteins modulation. . Khafaga, A. F. ve El-Sayed, Y. S. 2018, 196, 9−17, Life Sci. .
Effects of spirulina consumption on body weight, blood pressure, and endothelial function in overweight hypertensive Caucasians:A doubleblind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. . Miczke, A., ve diğerleri. 2016, 20, 150−156, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol Sci. .
A randomized study to establish the effects of spirulina in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. . Lee, E. H., ve diğerleri. 2008, 2, 295, Nutr. Res. Pract. .
A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. . Rodriguez-Concepcion, M., Avalos, J., Bonet, M. L., Boronat, A., Gomez-Gomez, L., Hornero-Mendez, D., ... Zhu, C. (2018). 70, 62–93, Progress in Lipid Research, .
Comparison of the biochemical composition of different Arthrospira platensis strains from Algeria, Chad and the USA. Aouir, A., ve diğerleri. 2017, 11, 913−23, J. Food Meas Charact. .
Spirulina, the edible microorganism. O., Ciferri. 1983; 47(4): 551-78, Microbiol Rev;.
Amino acid composition of some mexican foods. . Morales de León J, Bourges H, Camacho ME. 2005; 55(2): 172-86, Arch Latinoam Nutr.
Nutritional and therapeutic potential of Spirulina. Khan Z, Bhadouria P, Bisen PS. 2005; 6: 373-9, Curr Pharm Biotech.
Comparative effects of exogenous fatty acid supplementations on the lipids from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Pham Quoc K, Dubacq JP, Demandre C, et al. 1994; 32(4): 501-9 , Plan Physiol Biochem .
Uso tradicional y ac- tual de Spirulina sp. Ramírez-Moreno L, Olvera-Sánchez R. 2006; 657-63, 31(9):, INCI .
Spirulina in health care management. Kulshreshtha A, Zacharia A, Jarouliya U, et al. 2008; 9: 400-5, Curr Pharm Biotech .
Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis. Sankaranarayanan R, Nair PP, Varhese C, et al. 1995; 24(2): 197-202, Nutr Cancer.
Tumor necrosis factor in experimental can- cer regression with alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, cathaxan- thin and algae extract. Shklar G, Swartz J. 1988; 24(5): 839-50. , Eur Cancer Clin Oncol .
egression of experimental hamster can- cer by beta carotene and algae extracts. . Schwartz J, Shklar G. R. 1987; 45(6): 510-5, J Oral Maxillofac Surg .
Vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability. . F., Watanabe. 1266-74, 232 2007, , Exp Biol Med.
Utilization of beta-carotene from Spiruli- na platensis by rats. Kapoor R, Mehta U. 1993; 43(1): 1-7. , Plants Foods Hum Nutr .
Studies on the bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoide, beta-carotene, using human exfoliated colonic epithelial cells. Gireesh T, Nair PP, Sudhakaran PR. 2004; 92(2): 241-5, Br J Nutr .
Spirulina as a source of vitamin A. . Annapurna VV, Deosthale TG, Bamji MS. 1991; 41(2): 125-34, Plants Food Hum Nutr .
Effects of graded dietary levels of Spirulina maxima on vitamins A and E in male rats. x. Mitchell GV, Grundel E, Jenkins M, et al. 1990; 120(10): 1235, J Nutr .
Nutritional characterization of traditional and improved dihe,alimentary blue- green algae from the lake Chad region in Africa. LWT -. Carcea, M., ve diğerleri. 2015, 62, 753−63, Food Sci. Technol.
Effects of vegetarian diets on aging and longevity. . P., Walter. 1997; 55(1): S61-8, Nutr Rev.
World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Assessing the iron status of populations. Geneva: World Health Organization ve 2007.
American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. Craig WJ, Mangels AR, J. 2009; 109(7): 1266-82, Am Diet Assoc. .
Chemoprotective effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira) against cyclophosphamide-induced mutagenicity in mice. . Chamorro-Cevallos G, Garduño-Siciliano L, Barron BL, et al. 2008; 567-74, 46(2), Food Chem Toxicol .
Soluble extract from Moringa oleifera leaves with a new anticancer activity. . IL., Jung. 2014; 9(4):e95492, PLoS ONE.
Alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential by Spirulina platensis C-phycocyanin induces apoptosis in the doxorubicinresistant human hepatocellular-carcinoma cell line HepG2. Roy KR, Arunasree KM, Reddy NP, Dheeraj B, Reddy GV, Reddanna P. 2007;47(Pt 3):159–67, Biotechnol Appl Biochem.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of C-phycocyanin from blue–green algae. . Romay C, Armesto J, Remirez D, Gonzalez R, Ledon N, Garcia I. 1998; 47(1):36–41, Inflamm Res. .
Apoptotic mechanism of MCF-7 breast cells in vivo and in vitro induced by photodynamic therapy with C-phycocyanin. . Li B, Chu X, Gao M, Li W. 2010; 42(1):80–9, Acta Biochim Biophys Sin.
The synergistic antitumor effects of all-trans retinoic acid and C-phycocyanin on the lung cancer A549 cells in vitro and in vivo. . Li B, Gao MH, Chu XM, Teng L, Lv CY, Yang P, Yin QF. 2015; 749:107–14, Eur J Pharmacol. .
Available online:https://www.who.int/news/item/03-02-2023-who-launches-new-roadmap-on-breast-cancer. Organisation(WHO)., World Health.
Breast Cancer Molecular Stratification: From Intrinsic Subtypes to Integrative Clusters. . Russnes, H.G., ve diğerleri. 2017, 187, 2152–2162, Am. J. Pathol. .
Advances in Novel Drug Delivery Strategies for Breast Cancer Therapy. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. . Dhankhar, R., ve diğerleri. 2010, 38, 230–249, Biotechnol. .
Comparisons between different polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer: Meta-analyses of long-term outcome among 100,000 women in 123 randomised trials. . (EBCTCG), Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group, ve diğerleri. 2012, 379, 432–444), Lancet .
Advances in Novel Drug Delivery Strategies for Breast Cancer Therapy. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. . Dhankhar, R., ve diğerleri. 2010, 38, 230–249, Biotechnol. .
Prophylactic oophorectomy to reduce the risk of ovarian and breast cancer in carriers of BRCA mutations. Haber, D. 2002, 346, 1660–1662, N. Engl. J. Med. .
Heterogeneity of the Effect of Family History on Breast Cancer Risk. . Byrne, C., ve diğerleri. 1991, 2, 276–284, Epidemiology .
—.Byrne, C., ve diğerleri. 1991, 2, 276–284, Epidemiology .
Through a glass darkly: advances in understanding breast cancer biology, 2000-2010. LA., Carey. 2010 Jun;10(3):188-95.
Asian ethnicity and breast cancer subtypes: a study from the California Cancer Registry. . Telli ML, Chang ET, Kurian AW, Keegan TH, McClure LA, Lichtensztajn D, Ford JM, Gomez SL. 2011;127(2):471–8, Breast Cancer Res Treat. .
Triple-negative breast cancer. Foulkes WD, Smith IE, Reis-Filho JS. 2010;363(20):1938–48, N Engl J Med.
MAP kinase signalling cascades and transcriptional regulation. . Yang SH, Sharrocks AD, Whitmarsh AJ. 2013; 513(1):1–13, Gene.
Downregulation of protein kinase CK2 induces autophagic cell death through modulation of the mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in human glioblastoma cells. . Olsen BB, Svenstrup TH, Guerra B. 2012; 41(6):1967–76, Int J Oncol. .
The MAPK signalling pathways and colorectal cancer. . Fang JY, Richardson BC. 2005; 6(5):322–7, Lancet Oncol. .
Ras/Erk MAPK signaling in epidermal homeostasis and neoplasia. Khavari TA, Rinn J. 2007;6(23):2928–31., Cell Cycle. .
JNK phosphorylation of Bim-related members of the Bcl2 family induces Bax-dependent apoptosis. . Lei K, Davis RJ. 2003; 100(5):2432–7, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. .
C-Phycocyanin exerts anti-cancer effects via the MAPK signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. . Jiang L, Wang Y, Liu G, Liu H, Zhu F, Ji H, Li B. 2018 Jan 25; 29416441, 18:12. , Cancer Cell Int. .
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Pages
381-390
Published
March 11, 2024
Copyright (c) 2024 Academician Publishing Book Portal
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Yalıcı Ö. Spirulina. In: Sakin A, editor. Kanser Hastalarının Başvurduğu Geleneksel ve Tamamlayıcı Tedaviler - Tıbbi Onkolog Gözü ile Bakış ve Onkolojik İlaçlarla Etkileşim [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2024 [cited 2026 Jul. 13]. pp. 381-90. Available from: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/2380/chapter/13970
