Sağlık Okuryazarlığı
Synopsis
Son yıllarda sağlık okuryazarlığı konusu çok dikkat çekici bir hale gelmiş hatta sağlık sistemindeki merkezi bileşenlerden birisi olarak tanımlanmıştır. Sağlık okuryazarlığı, sadece okuma yeterliliğiyle ilgili olmayıp aynı zamanda dinleme, analiz etme, karar verme ve bütün bu yeterlilikleri sağlık alanına uygulamayı gerektirmektedir. Sağlık okuryazarlığını sağlığın sosyal bileşenlerinden birisi olarak tanımladığımızda, sağlık okuryazarlığının sosyal ilişkilerde anlamlı ve kalıcı bir faktör olduğunu görmekteyiz. Düşük sağlık okuryazarlık düzeyine sahip bireylerin hastalıklarıyla ilgili bilgi düzeyi düşük olmakta, sağlık davranışları kötü olmakta, koruyucu bakımdan düşük oranda faydalanmakta ve rutin klinik vizitler ve ilaçlar konusuna uyumları da düşük düzeyde olmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, sağlık okuryazarlık düzeyi düşük hastaların, zamanında ve uygun tedaviye erişimi gecikmekte ve sağlık durumları kötüye gitmekte, acil servisi ve hastane hizmetlerini kullanma oranları ve ölüm oranlarında artış görülmektedir. Sağlık okuryazarlığının geliştirilmesi ve yönetilmesi konusunda, en yakın sağlık danışma noktası olan eczanelerin ve eczacıların ve eczane teknisyenlerinin önemli rol oynayabilecekleri düşünülmektedir.
In recent years, the issue of health literacy has become very salient and has even been defined as one of the central components in the healthcare system. Health literacy is not only about reading proficiency, but also requires listening, analyzing, decision-making and applying all these competencies to the field of health. When we define health literacy as one of the social components of health, we see that health literacy is a meaningful and permanent factor in social relations. Individuals with low health literacy levels have low knowledge about their diseases, have poor health behaviors, benefit from preventive care at a low rate, and have low compliance with routine clinic visits and medications. Therefore, patients with low health literacy levels are delayed in accessing timely and appropriate treatment, their health conditions deteriorate, and their use of emergency and hospital services and mortality rates increase. It is thought that pharmacies, pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, who are the closest health information points, can play an important role in developing and managing health literacy.
References
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2010). National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy. Washington, DC: Author.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). [Online] https://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/literacy [Accessed: 13th February 2024].
Barry MM, D’eath M, Sixsmith J. Interventions for improving population health literacy: Insights from a rapid review of the evidence. Journal of Health Communication. 2013;18: 1507-1522. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2013.840699
Nelson DE, Parvanta CF. Speaking To The Public: Health Literacy And Numeracy. Parvanta CF, Nelson DE (eds.) Essentials of Public Health Communication içinde. 1st ed. USA: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2011. p. 119-133.
Özkan S, Aksakal NB, Çalışkan D, Dikmen AU, Tüzün H. Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Düzeyi ve İlişkili Faktörleri Araştırması. Özkan S (ed.). Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1103. Ankara: Özyurt Matbaacılık; 2018.
WHO. The Helsinki Statement on Health in All Policies, In: The 8th Global Conference on Health Promotion, 10-14 June 2013, Helsinki, Finland.
Parker RM, Ratzan SC, Lurie N. Health literacy: A policy challenge for advancing high-quality health care. Health Affairs. 2015;22(4): 147-153. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.22.4.147
Özdemir H, Alper Z, Uncu Y, Bilgel N. Health literacy among adults: A study from Turkey. Health Education Research. 2010;25(3): 464-477. doi: 10.1093/her/cyp068
Bass L. Health literacy: Implications for teaching the adult patient. Journal of Infusion Nursing. 2005;28(1): 15-22. doi: 10.1097/00129804-200501000-00002
Nutbeam D. The evolving concept of health literacy. Social Science & Medicine. 2008;67: 2072-2078. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.050
DeWalt DA, Berkman ND, Sheridan S, et al. Literacy and health outcomes a systematic review of the literature. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2004;19: 1228-1239. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.40153.x
Schillinger D, Barton LR, Karter AJ, et al. Does literacy mediate the relationship between education and health outcomes? A study of a low-income population with diabetes. Public Health Reports. 2006;121: 245-254. doi: 10.1177/003335490612100305
Chew LD. The impact of low health literacy on diabetes outcomes. DiabetesVoice. 2004;49(3): 30-32.
Baker DW. The meaning and the measure of health literacy. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2006;21: 878-883. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00540.x
Eyüboğlu E, Schulz PJ. Validation of Turkish health literacy measures. Health Promotion International. 2016:31(2); 355-362. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dau111
Cavanaugh KL. Health literacy in diabetes care: Explanation, evidence and equipment. Diabetes Management Journal. 2011;1(2): 191-199. doi: 10.2217/dmt.11.5.
Berkman ND, Davis TC, McCormack L. Health literacy: What is it?. Journal of Health Communication. 2010;15 Suppl 2: 9-19. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2010.499985
National Institutes of Health (NIH). What is health literacy?. [Online] http://www.nih.gov/clearcommunication/healthliteracy.htm [Accessed: 29th December 2023]
Sudore RL, Schillinger D. Interventions to improve care for patients with limited health literacy. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management. 2009;16(1): 20-29.
Schillinger D, Grumbach, Piette J, et al. Association of health literacy with diabetes outcomes. JAMA. 2002;288(4): 475-482. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.4.475
Pawlak R. Economic considerations of health literacy. Nursing Economics Journal. 2005;23(4): 173-180.
Parker R, Kreps GL. Library outreach: Overcoming health literacy challenges. Journal of The Medical Library Association. 2005;93(4): S81-S85.
Nath C. Literacy and diabetes self-management. The American Journal of Nursing. 2007;107(6 Suppl): 43-49. doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000277829.28043.93
Zarcadoolas C, Pleasant A, Greer DS. Understanding health literacy: An expanded model. Health Promotion International. 2005;20(2): 195-203. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dah609
Cavanaugh K, Huizinga MM, Wallston KA, et al. Association of numeracy and diabetes control. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2008;148: 737-746. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-148-10-200805200-00006
Riley JB, Cloonan P, Norton C. Low health literacy: A challenge to critical care. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly. 2006;29(2): 174-178. doi: 10.1097/00002727-200604000-00011
Ishikawa H, Takeuchi T, Yano E. Measuring functional, communicative and critical health literacy among diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(5): 874-879. doi: 10.2337/dc07-1932
Haun JN, Valerio MA, McCormack LA, et al. Health literacy measurement: An inventory and descriptive summary of 51 instruments. Journal of Health Communication. 2014;19 (Suppl 2): 302-333. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2014.936571
Chew LD, Bradley KA, Boyko EJ. Brief questions to identify patients with inadequate health literacy. Family Medicine. 2004;36(8): 588-594.
Friedman DB, Corwin SJ, Dominick GD, et al. African American men’s understanding and perceptions about prostate cancer: Why multiple dimensions of health literacy are important in cancer communication. Journal of Community Health. 2009;34(5): 449-460. doi: 10.1007/s10900-009-9167-3
Morris NS, Maclean CD, Littenberg B. Literacy and health outcomes: A cross-sectional study in 1002 adults with diabetes. BMC Family Practice. 2006;7: 49. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-7-49
Al Sayah F, Majumdar SR, Williams B, et al. Health literacy and health outcomes in diabetes: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2013;28(3): 444-452. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2241-z
Youmans SL, Schillinger D. Functional health literacy and medication use: The pharmacist’s role. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003;37:1726-1729. doi:10.1345/aph.1D070
Lee SYD, Arozullah AM, Cho YI. Health literacy, social support and health: A research agenda. Social Science & Medicine, 2004;58(7): 1309-1321. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00329-0
Pignone M, Dewalt DA, Sheridan S, et al. Interventions to improve health outcomes for patients with low literacy: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2005;20(2): 185-192. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.40208.x
Villaire M, Mayer G. Low health literacy: The impact on chronic illness management. Professional Case Management. 2007;12(4): 213-216. doi: 10.1097/01.PCAMA.0000282907.98166.93
Yamashita T, Kart CS. Is diabetes-spesific health literacy associated with diabetes-related outcomes in older adults?, Journal of Diabetes. 2011;3(2): 138-146. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00112.x
Spittles J. Consequences of health illiteracy. [Online] https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=eec80eed317df9f4c2d65a559d584eb849ab2ed5 [Accessed: 29th December 2023]
Williams MV, Baker DW, Parker RM, et al. Relationship of functional health literacy to patients’ knowledge of their chronic disease a study of patients with hypertension and diabetes. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998;158(2): 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.2.166
Johnson VR, Jacobson KL, Gazmararian JA, et al. Does social support help limited-literacy patients with medication adherence? A mixed methods study of patients in the pharmacy intervention for limited literacy (PILL) study. Patient Education and Counseling. 2010;79(1): 14-24. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2009.07.002
Keller DL, Wright J, Pace HA. Impact of health literacy on health outcomes in ambulatory care patients: A systematic review. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2008;42(9): 1272-1281. doi: 10.1345/aph.1L093
Cho YI, Lee SYD, Arozullah AM, et al. Effects of health literacy on health status and health service utilization amongst the elderly. Social Science & Medicine. 2008;66(8): 1809-1816. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.003
Osborn CY, Bains SS, Egede LE. Health literacy, diabetes self-care and glysemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2010;12(11): 913-919. doi: 10.1089/dia.2010.0058
Ratzan SC. Health literacy: Building upon a strong foundation. Journal of Health Communication. 2011;16(Suppl 3): 3-4. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2011.606071
Boren SA. A review of health literacy and diabetes: Opportunities for technology. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2009;3(1): 202-209. doi: 10.1177/193229680900300124
Osborne RH, Elmer S, Hawkins M, et al. Health literacy development is central to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. BMJ Global Health. 2022;7: e010362. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010362
Brach C. The journey become a health literate organization: A snapshot of health system improvement. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 2017;240: 203-237.
Guzys D, Kenny A, Dickson-Swift V, et al. A critical review of population health literacy assessment. BMC Public Health. 2015;15: 215. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1551-6
Lovell MR, Luckett T, Boyle FM, et al. Patient education, coaching and self-management for cancer pain. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2014;32(16): 1712-1720. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.52.4850
Woodard LCD, Landrum CR, Amspoker AB, et al. Interaction between functional health literacy, patient activation and glysemic control. Patient Preference and Adherence. 2014;8: 1019-1024. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S63954
Rothman RL, Dewalt DA, Malone R, et al. Influence of patient literacy on the effectiveness of a primary care-based diabetes disease management program. JAMA. 2004;292(14): 1711-1716. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.14.1711
Funnell MM, Brown TL, Childs BP, et al. National standards for diabetes self-management education. Diabetes Care. 2010;33 (Suppl.1): S89-S96. doi: 10.2337/dc10-S089
Ratzan SC. Strategic health communication and social marketing on risk issues. Journal of Health Communication. 1999;4(1): 1-6. doi: 10.1080/108107399127048
Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, et al. Telemedicine for healthcare: Capabilities, features, barriers, and applications. Sensors International. 2021;2: 100117. doi: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100117
Park H, Rodgers S, Stemmle J. Analyzing health organizations’ use of twitter for promoting health literacy. Journal of Health Communication. 2013;18(4): 410-425. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2012.727956
Gerber BS, Brodsky IG, Lawless KA, et al. Implementation and evaluation of a low-literacy diabetes education computer multimedia application. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(7): 1574-1580. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.7.1574
Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal: A challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promotion International. 2000;15(3): 259-267.
Ciechanowski P, Russo J, Katon W, et al. Influence of patient attachment style on self-care and outcomes in diabetes. Psychosomatic Medicine, 2004;66(5): 720-728. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000138125.59122.23
Ratzan SC. The noncommunicable disease challenge. Journal of Health Communication. 2011;16: 1-2. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2011.604005
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). [Online] https://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/literacy [Accessed: 13th February 2024].
Barry MM, D’eath M, Sixsmith J. Interventions for improving population health literacy: Insights from a rapid review of the evidence. Journal of Health Communication. 2013;18: 1507-1522. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2013.840699
Nelson DE, Parvanta CF. Speaking To The Public: Health Literacy And Numeracy. Parvanta CF, Nelson DE (eds.) Essentials of Public Health Communication içinde. 1st ed. USA: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2011. p. 119-133.
Özkan S, Aksakal NB, Çalışkan D, Dikmen AU, Tüzün H. Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Düzeyi ve İlişkili Faktörleri Araştırması. Özkan S (ed.). Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1103. Ankara: Özyurt Matbaacılık; 2018.
WHO. The Helsinki Statement on Health in All Policies, In: The 8th Global Conference on Health Promotion, 10-14 June 2013, Helsinki, Finland.
Parker RM, Ratzan SC, Lurie N. Health literacy: A policy challenge for advancing high-quality health care. Health Affairs. 2015;22(4): 147-153. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.22.4.147
Özdemir H, Alper Z, Uncu Y, Bilgel N. Health literacy among adults: A study from Turkey. Health Education Research. 2010;25(3): 464-477. doi: 10.1093/her/cyp068
Bass L. Health literacy: Implications for teaching the adult patient. Journal of Infusion Nursing. 2005;28(1): 15-22. doi: 10.1097/00129804-200501000-00002
Nutbeam D. The evolving concept of health literacy. Social Science & Medicine. 2008;67: 2072-2078. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.050
DeWalt DA, Berkman ND, Sheridan S, et al. Literacy and health outcomes a systematic review of the literature. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2004;19: 1228-1239. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.40153.x
Schillinger D, Barton LR, Karter AJ, et al. Does literacy mediate the relationship between education and health outcomes? A study of a low-income population with diabetes. Public Health Reports. 2006;121: 245-254. doi: 10.1177/003335490612100305
Chew LD. The impact of low health literacy on diabetes outcomes. DiabetesVoice. 2004;49(3): 30-32.
Baker DW. The meaning and the measure of health literacy. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2006;21: 878-883. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00540.x
Eyüboğlu E, Schulz PJ. Validation of Turkish health literacy measures. Health Promotion International. 2016:31(2); 355-362. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dau111
Cavanaugh KL. Health literacy in diabetes care: Explanation, evidence and equipment. Diabetes Management Journal. 2011;1(2): 191-199. doi: 10.2217/dmt.11.5.
Berkman ND, Davis TC, McCormack L. Health literacy: What is it?. Journal of Health Communication. 2010;15 Suppl 2: 9-19. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2010.499985
National Institutes of Health (NIH). What is health literacy?. [Online] http://www.nih.gov/clearcommunication/healthliteracy.htm [Accessed: 29th December 2023]
Sudore RL, Schillinger D. Interventions to improve care for patients with limited health literacy. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management. 2009;16(1): 20-29.
Schillinger D, Grumbach, Piette J, et al. Association of health literacy with diabetes outcomes. JAMA. 2002;288(4): 475-482. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.4.475
Pawlak R. Economic considerations of health literacy. Nursing Economics Journal. 2005;23(4): 173-180.
Parker R, Kreps GL. Library outreach: Overcoming health literacy challenges. Journal of The Medical Library Association. 2005;93(4): S81-S85.
Nath C. Literacy and diabetes self-management. The American Journal of Nursing. 2007;107(6 Suppl): 43-49. doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000277829.28043.93
Zarcadoolas C, Pleasant A, Greer DS. Understanding health literacy: An expanded model. Health Promotion International. 2005;20(2): 195-203. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dah609
Cavanaugh K, Huizinga MM, Wallston KA, et al. Association of numeracy and diabetes control. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2008;148: 737-746. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-148-10-200805200-00006
Riley JB, Cloonan P, Norton C. Low health literacy: A challenge to critical care. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly. 2006;29(2): 174-178. doi: 10.1097/00002727-200604000-00011
Ishikawa H, Takeuchi T, Yano E. Measuring functional, communicative and critical health literacy among diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(5): 874-879. doi: 10.2337/dc07-1932
Haun JN, Valerio MA, McCormack LA, et al. Health literacy measurement: An inventory and descriptive summary of 51 instruments. Journal of Health Communication. 2014;19 (Suppl 2): 302-333. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2014.936571
Chew LD, Bradley KA, Boyko EJ. Brief questions to identify patients with inadequate health literacy. Family Medicine. 2004;36(8): 588-594.
Friedman DB, Corwin SJ, Dominick GD, et al. African American men’s understanding and perceptions about prostate cancer: Why multiple dimensions of health literacy are important in cancer communication. Journal of Community Health. 2009;34(5): 449-460. doi: 10.1007/s10900-009-9167-3
Morris NS, Maclean CD, Littenberg B. Literacy and health outcomes: A cross-sectional study in 1002 adults with diabetes. BMC Family Practice. 2006;7: 49. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-7-49
Al Sayah F, Majumdar SR, Williams B, et al. Health literacy and health outcomes in diabetes: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2013;28(3): 444-452. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2241-z
Youmans SL, Schillinger D. Functional health literacy and medication use: The pharmacist’s role. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003;37:1726-1729. doi:10.1345/aph.1D070
Lee SYD, Arozullah AM, Cho YI. Health literacy, social support and health: A research agenda. Social Science & Medicine, 2004;58(7): 1309-1321. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00329-0
Pignone M, Dewalt DA, Sheridan S, et al. Interventions to improve health outcomes for patients with low literacy: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2005;20(2): 185-192. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.40208.x
Villaire M, Mayer G. Low health literacy: The impact on chronic illness management. Professional Case Management. 2007;12(4): 213-216. doi: 10.1097/01.PCAMA.0000282907.98166.93
Yamashita T, Kart CS. Is diabetes-spesific health literacy associated with diabetes-related outcomes in older adults?, Journal of Diabetes. 2011;3(2): 138-146. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00112.x
Spittles J. Consequences of health illiteracy. [Online] https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=eec80eed317df9f4c2d65a559d584eb849ab2ed5 [Accessed: 29th December 2023]
Williams MV, Baker DW, Parker RM, et al. Relationship of functional health literacy to patients’ knowledge of their chronic disease a study of patients with hypertension and diabetes. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998;158(2): 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.2.166
Johnson VR, Jacobson KL, Gazmararian JA, et al. Does social support help limited-literacy patients with medication adherence? A mixed methods study of patients in the pharmacy intervention for limited literacy (PILL) study. Patient Education and Counseling. 2010;79(1): 14-24. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2009.07.002
Keller DL, Wright J, Pace HA. Impact of health literacy on health outcomes in ambulatory care patients: A systematic review. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2008;42(9): 1272-1281. doi: 10.1345/aph.1L093
Cho YI, Lee SYD, Arozullah AM, et al. Effects of health literacy on health status and health service utilization amongst the elderly. Social Science & Medicine. 2008;66(8): 1809-1816. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.003
Osborn CY, Bains SS, Egede LE. Health literacy, diabetes self-care and glysemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2010;12(11): 913-919. doi: 10.1089/dia.2010.0058
Ratzan SC. Health literacy: Building upon a strong foundation. Journal of Health Communication. 2011;16(Suppl 3): 3-4. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2011.606071
Boren SA. A review of health literacy and diabetes: Opportunities for technology. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2009;3(1): 202-209. doi: 10.1177/193229680900300124
Osborne RH, Elmer S, Hawkins M, et al. Health literacy development is central to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. BMJ Global Health. 2022;7: e010362. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010362
Brach C. The journey become a health literate organization: A snapshot of health system improvement. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 2017;240: 203-237.
Guzys D, Kenny A, Dickson-Swift V, et al. A critical review of population health literacy assessment. BMC Public Health. 2015;15: 215. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1551-6
Lovell MR, Luckett T, Boyle FM, et al. Patient education, coaching and self-management for cancer pain. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2014;32(16): 1712-1720. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.52.4850
Woodard LCD, Landrum CR, Amspoker AB, et al. Interaction between functional health literacy, patient activation and glysemic control. Patient Preference and Adherence. 2014;8: 1019-1024. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S63954
Rothman RL, Dewalt DA, Malone R, et al. Influence of patient literacy on the effectiveness of a primary care-based diabetes disease management program. JAMA. 2004;292(14): 1711-1716. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.14.1711
Funnell MM, Brown TL, Childs BP, et al. National standards for diabetes self-management education. Diabetes Care. 2010;33 (Suppl.1): S89-S96. doi: 10.2337/dc10-S089
Ratzan SC. Strategic health communication and social marketing on risk issues. Journal of Health Communication. 1999;4(1): 1-6. doi: 10.1080/108107399127048
Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, et al. Telemedicine for healthcare: Capabilities, features, barriers, and applications. Sensors International. 2021;2: 100117. doi: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100117
Park H, Rodgers S, Stemmle J. Analyzing health organizations’ use of twitter for promoting health literacy. Journal of Health Communication. 2013;18(4): 410-425. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2012.727956
Gerber BS, Brodsky IG, Lawless KA, et al. Implementation and evaluation of a low-literacy diabetes education computer multimedia application. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(7): 1574-1580. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.7.1574
Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal: A challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promotion International. 2000;15(3): 259-267.
Ciechanowski P, Russo J, Katon W, et al. Influence of patient attachment style on self-care and outcomes in diabetes. Psychosomatic Medicine, 2004;66(5): 720-728. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000138125.59122.23
Ratzan SC. The noncommunicable disease challenge. Journal of Health Communication. 2011;16: 1-2. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2011.604005
Pages
75-95
Published
March 12, 2024
Copyright (c) 2024 Academician Publishing Book Portal
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1.
Acar Sancar A. Sağlık Okuryazarlığı. In: Özçelikay G, Çalıkuşu M, Barlas Uzun M, editors. Eczane Teknikerliği Temel İlkeleri [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2024 [cited 2026 Jul. 13]. pp. 75-9. Available from: https://omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/2301/chapter/13806
